Quality = Quality degradation barely noticeable (low = 1) . Trends Food Sci Technol 14:7182, Tribedi P, Sil AK (2013) Low-density polyethylene degradation by Pseudomonas sp. And now, it an urgent need to promote a microbial plastic degradation process. Where, we have collected a polyethylene carry bag sample colonized by green photosynthetic microalgae and water sample (Fig. The Advantages and Disadvantages of HDPE. 4. 1 were processed in the laboratory of the T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, public research institution, Brno branch (Brno, Czech Republic), and the remaining samples were processed in the Section of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University (Brno, Czech Republic). Air from the central air distribution system flowed through the manifold into the bottles. Molecular Characterization of Low-Density Polyethene (LDPE) Degrading Bacteria and Fungi from Dandora Dumpsite, Nairobi, Kenya. Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic, Romana Kopeck,Ivana Kubnov,Tom Vtz&Monika Vtzov, Public Research Institution, Brno Branch, T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Mojmrovo nmst 16, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic, Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyova 464/118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemdlsk 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic, You can also search for this author in 2). This temperature was maintained for 15min. (A) Three-dimensional view of control (untreated) LDPE sheet of 25m2 area; (B) Three-dimensional view of U. africanum treated LDPE sheet; (C) Topographical view of control (untreated) LDPE sheet; (D) Topographical view of U. africanum LDPE sheet with erosions, grooves and ridges on its surface. Lett Appl Microbiol 51:205211, CAS The DNeasy UltraClean Microbial Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) was used to isolate DNA. An estimated more than 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags used globally disturb the ecosystem and ultimately result into serious environmental issues of recycling these materials from the environment [4, 11, 20, 46, 91, 118]. Cell Rep 26:24512464, Koutny M, Lemaire J, Delort AM (2006) Biodegradation of polyethylene films with pro-oxidant additives. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 65:451459. Nova acta Regiae Societatis scientiarum Upsaliensis, Series IV 14, 1188 (1949). Microbiol. Among the isolated fungi, P. chrysogenum NS10 (KU559907), P. oxalicum NS4 (KU559906) have been evaluated for HDPE and LDPE degradation using the response surface methodology to optimize the growth media for increasing the mycelium weight. SERBIULA (sistema Librum 2.0) (1935). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 61:203213, Suhas Carrott PJM, Carrott MMLR (2007) Lignin - from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: a review. Ser. Several lignin degrading enzymes also participate in the breakdown of the PE thermoplastic [86, 100]. Annual plastic disposal was estimated as 11,000,000 tons in Turkey9. About an inoculation loop full of samples from the collected waste carry bags were inoculated and incubated under light illumination for 12:12h of light and dark conditions at algal culture room (25C). Leja, K. & Lewandowicz, G. Polymer biodegradation and biodegradable. The pipes are less durable. For example, ingestion of plastics in the animal gut, clogging of water canals and retarded solid waste management. Yu J, Kim PD, Jang Y, Kim SK, Han J, Min J. Biodegradation. Germany, Eyheraguibel B, Traikia M, Fontanella S, Sancelme M, Bonhomme S, Fromageot D, Lemaire J, Lauranson G, Lacoste J, Delort AM (2017) Characterization of oxidized oligomers from polyethylene films by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain. Article Epub 2022 Jul 5. E.S. This study aimed at isolating and identifying bacteria and fungi that have the capacity to degrade low-density polyethylene. The samples of plastics were transferred into sterile glass containers (bottles) using sterile instruments and transported to the laboratory. Polyethylene (PE) amongst the most widely used type of polymer with a global annual production of . According to the previously described ability to decompose plastics [26, 27, 30, 32] or other types of resistant material [28, 29], eight species (four species from each sampling point) were selected for the experiments and analysed for their ability to degrade HDPE (Table 2). FSM-10 and Aspergillus sp. volume63, Articlenumber:27 (2020) PE-fed mealworms showed 40.18.5% reduction in the molecular weights of egested polymer. Philos Transact R Soc B Biol Sci 364:19771984. The composite PE film showed weight loss of 68% after exposer to the solar radiation for 200h which is a significantly higher compared with a study where the similar rate of weight loss was observed after 400h [108, 125]. Monika Vtzov. For example, Shahnawaz et al. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11562. (A) Three-dimensional view of control (untreated) LDPE sheet of 10m2 area; (B) Three-dimensional view of U. africanum treated LDPE sheet; (C) Topographical view of control (untreated) LDPE sheet; (D) Topographical view of U. africanum treated LDPE sheet with erosions on its surface. "It is widely accepted that the resistance of polyethylene to biodegradation stems from its high molecular weight, its three-dimensional structure and its hydrophobic nature, all of which interfere with its availability to micro-organisms," the researchers stated. PET {poly (ethylene terephthalate)} is extensively used throughout the world. Sci . 19(2), 255266 (2010). Myco-degradation of microplastics: an account of identified pathways and analytical methods for their determination. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 50ml of the bacterial culture was diluted in the mineral salt medium and 0.80.9g of sterile virgin HDPE film was added. 16). [Brussels]: Plastics Europe, November 22, 2021. The polymers are then degraded by depolymerases to oligomers, dimers and monomers that are more easily processed by microorganisms [21]. 3600.52.26/2020 and 3600.54.04/2021. The cooperative action of abiotic factors and microorganisms causes fragmentation of the bulk polymer to increase accessible surfaces for biodegradation. With their durability, weight, flexibility and availability, plastics have taken over the world. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste was cracked into liquid fuel ingredients in a stainless steel . The site is secure. The mixture of medium and plastic pieces was shaken for 120min. Abstract Exhausted studies on the degradation of polyethylene has been carried out in order to overcome the environmental problems associated . The LECO instrument used with the time of flight analyzer has very good quality of the measured spectra and sensitivity that corresponds to the SIM mode of the quadrupole. Emerg Infect Dis 8:881890. Degradation products are detected, confirming the progressive degradation of the plastic. In another study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain isolated from composed plastic was studied for assessing deterioration effect of thermo-irradiation pretreatment. 7, 922 (2008). Before Therefore, this is a hitherto report on the biodegradation of LDPE sheet by the microalga Uronema africanum Borge. Chemically, LDPE is inert at room temperature, however, it can be gradually attacked by strong oxidizing agents and some solvents, results in softening or swelling. Google Scholar. Sayyed, R. Z. Bio-plastics for clean environment. The microscopical images of microalga (Uronema africanum) treated LDPE sheet, with different range of magnifications showing, microalgal colonization on the surface of the LDPE sheet by forming a radial disc on its surface (Fig. The microalga was selected based on the colonization on the surface of the LDPE sheet. Whereas, in the case of fungi Aspergillus niger and A. clavatus, it was 126days and 90days respectively38,44. Chemical and physical characterization and isotopic tests. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.12.014, Donlan RM (2002) Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Fungi have also been confirmed as polyethylene degrading genera, for example, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium or Phanerochaete [41]. Microbiol. . In another study, SEM images had shown profuse cracks on the LDPE surface by the adherence of the algae21. As oxygen seeped into the packaging, this oxidized the polyethylene insert. In 2005, researchers from Department of Biotechnology Engineering, at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel, published a paper in the Journal of Applied Microbiology regarding the biodegradation of polyethylene. The solution was incubated at 30C for 24h. After incubation, the liquid bacterial culture was centrifuged (5,000rpm) in sterile Falcon tubes for 10min. These flasks contained 120ml of sterile physiological saline solution (0.85% NaCl solution). Sunil Ghatge and Youri Yang are contributed equally to this work, School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea, Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea, You can also search for this author in Furthermore, potent microorganisms and their interactions with the plastic surface has . There is a wide range of bacterial species associated with the biodegradation of plastics. Based on the GCMS analysis, there is a huge difference in the fatty acids, comparatively between the supernatants of both control (U. africanum culture without LDPE sheet), and sample (U. africanum with LDPE sheet). Correspondence to Hence, efficient screening of microorganisms for biodegradation of plastics is the need of the hour19. Out of degradation products the hydrocarbons with single and double bonds were observed most frequently. Similar polyethylene degradation products were identified by Hakkarainen and Albertsson [44]. Heating programme: 1min at 50C, followed by a continuous increase of 10C/1min to 340C. Heterocyclic structures were represented in minority. Biodegradation of polyethylene: a brief review. After drying, HDPE particles were washed in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution and then again in distilled water. The level of biodegradation of LDPE sheets with bacterial and fungal inoculums from different sampling points of Dandora dumpsite was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The oxidation of the plastic caused the implants to degrade rapidly. The amount of plastic entering the environment is alarming [3, 4]. A nontarget screening procedure was performed to detect potential biodegradation products. CAS Biodegrad. J. Algal Biomass Utln. J Polym Environ 9:103108, Gautam R, Bassi SB, Yanful EKY (2007) A review of biodegradation of synthetic plastic and foams. All commercial prepared PE films contain a small amount of a stabilizer that prevents oxidation during processing and significantly prolongs its lifetime [15]. Therefore, it is considered that the generation of hydrocarbons might be due to the biodegradation of LDPE sheet by the respective microalga Uronema africanum. Yoon et al. The hydrocarbons with single and double bonds were observed most frequently. In recent years, microbes from different environments were found to degrade plastics and suggested their capability to degrade plastics under varying environmental conditions. However, the microalgae treated sample (U. africanum with LDPE sheet) consists of large number of hydrocarbons. This is the reason why researchers are working to develop methods to break down plastics in an environmentally friendly degradation. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Curr. CPCB Annual Report 201112. Similarly, U. africanum treated LDPE sheet was found eroded on the surface, and no such erosions were found on the surface of microalga untreated LDPE sheet in all the three 5m2 (Fig. Weight loss of thermally treated HDPE and LDPE sheets were observed about 9% and 19% respectively, but it was 3.5% and 10% in the case of bacteria, Bacillus sphaericus treated samples for a period of 12months45. FT-IR spectra of polyethylene powder, Fig 10. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 132:259267, Nowak B, Paja J, Drozd-Bratkowicz KM, Rymarz G (2011) Microorganisms participating in the biodegradation of modified polyethylene films in different soils under laboratory conditions. Degradation of polyethylene can be classified as abiotic or biotic, the former being defined as deterioration caused by environmental factors such as temperature, UV irradiation, while the latter is defined as biodegradation caused by the action of microorganisms that modify and consume the polymer leading to changes in its properties. It is suggested that various abiotic and biotic factors play a vital role in the biodegradation of PE in the environment [62, 100]. For isolation of microalga colonizing on the surface of LDPE sheet, we have used three different culture media Bold basal medium (BBM)46, BG 1147,48,49 and DM (Diatom medium)50,51 to target Chlorophyceae (Green algae), Cyanophyceae (Blue-green algae) and Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms) members respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to detect functional groups on the surface, atomic force microscopy (AFM) to describe mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe surface topography [17, 39]. 51, 579588 (2004). Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically. Stud. Cantilever type: ContAI-G was used with static force as operating mode and Air was the measurement environment. A partially purified MnP stimulated degradation of PE in presence of various surfactants [24, 45]. Google Scholar. Guiry, M. D. & Guiry, G. M. Algae Base (World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, 2019). Many conventional methods of polyethylene degradation include UV photooxidation, thermal oxidation, incineration, chemical oxidation and landfill are being practiced. 18, 225243 (2003). Polym Degrad Stab 92:12191226, Ferreira LM, Falco AN, Gil MH (2005) Modification of LDPE molecular structure by gamma irradiation for bio applications. This amount increased in 50years to more than 10% in middle- and high-income countries [3]. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. After 30days of incubation, the LDPE sheet was fully colonized by microalga and visualized like green hair-like structures protrude from the LDPE sheet (Fig. Aspergillus clavatus treated LDPE sheet for 90days of incubation in aqueous medium, had shown fractures, erosion and grooves without any prior treatment of the LDPE sheet38. The methods used to study these changes have been extensively reviewed in previous studies [86, 97]. Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. They isolated from soil a thermophilic bacterium Brevibaccillus borstelensis strain, which utilized low-density polyethylene as the sole carbon source and degraded it. Environ. Therefore, the highly colonized green microalga was isolated and maintained in the Algal culture room for further processes (Fig. The amount of waste plastics has been increasing every year in Korea (Fig. An original apparatus (Fig. Polymer 36:30753083, Albertsson AC, Karlsson S (1990) The influence of biotic and abiotic environments on the degradation of polyethylene. 12(1), 715 (2018). Environ Sci Technol 49:1208012086, Yang Y, Yang J, Wu W, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L, Yang R, Jiang L (2015) Biodegradation and mineralization of polystyrene by plastic eating mealworms: part 2. The dry weight loss was determined according to Eq. 169, pp. 2012; Das and Kumar 2015; Ojha et al. PubMed Central Appl Environ Microbiol 85:114, Deguchi T, Kitaoka Y, Kakezawa M, Nishida T (1998) Purification and characterization of a nylon-degrading enzyme. The researchers goal was to select a polyethylene-degrading micro-organism and study the factors affecting its biodegrading activity. Microbial degradation is one of the safest and environment friendly process to Expand PDF Isolation of Oxo-degradable Polyethylene Degrading-Bacteria of Benowo Landfill Soil Surabaya 10). Since the 1950s, demand for plastics has increased in all industries [3]. J Appl Microbiol 123:582593, Yakowitz H (1990) Incineration of municipal solid waste: scientific and technical evaluation of the state-of-the-art by an expert panel. Indian J. Biotechnol. The groundwater is also contaminated due to hazardous chemicals from the plastic waste in landfills [72]. The software also includes high-quality data deconvolution. Enrichment culture methods were effective for isolating a thermophilic bacterium capable of utilizing polyethylene as the sole carbon and energy source, the researchers stated. Furthermore, LDPE films were additionally exposed to UV irradiation in an oven at 60C for 7 d [73]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.04.014, Hakkarainen M, Albertsson A-C (2004) Environmental Degradation of Polyethylene In: Albertsson A-C (ed) Long Term Properties of Polyolefins Advances in Polymer Science; Springer Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004; Vol. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article . Biodegradation studies have been accomplished either using pure cultures that are able to degrade PE [2, 5, 8, 34, 38, 41, 54, 81, 84, 101, 110, 113, 117, 119] or using complex microbial communities from various terrestrial (soil from landfill sites, composting) and marine habitats [1, 3, 6, 18, 49, 61, 71, 74, 76, 79]. CAS Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sheet by microalga, Uronema africanum Borge. 2016 Jul;23(14):14621-35. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6542-3. Microalgae are photoautotrophic microbes reported to colonize on the surface of polyethylene sheets submerged in wastewater21,24. Each well contained 1mM of dNTPs, 3mM MgCl2, 1mM of each primer, 1PCR buffer, and 1 U of Taq DNA Polymerase, 1l isolated DNA. The injector temperature was 280C and the transfer line was heated to the same temperature. The treated samples were analyzed using GCMS. IOSR J. Pharm. Dumped waste carry bag sample and water sample were collected from the Kallukuttai lake, nearby Taramani Railway Station, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India on 28th December 2018. Each mean weight represents the average of five sample means SE. All chemicals were used as received without further purification. AF4. J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:477482, Secchi ER, Zarzur S (1999) Plastic debris ingested by a Blainvilles beaked whale, Mesoplodon densirostris, washed ashore in Brazil. Glob Change Biol 24:14051416, Ehara K, Iiyoshi Y, Tsutsumi Y, Nishida T (2000) Polyethylene degradation by manganese peroxidase in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. The biodegradation of LDPE sheet by the selected microalga was further studied and confirmed by dark field microscopy (CETI). Eur. For analysis of organic matter developed around the surface of the HDPE during the test, 50mg of PE and 10ml of CHCl3 were mixed in a 60ml glass vial. Approximately 0.5 m3 of the excavated material was moved to an area where samples were collected from the centre of the waste pile to avoid cross contamination with other wastes. FT-IR spectra of polyethylene sheet from sample E4, 1 with fungal inoculum of, Fig 10. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Resour Conserv Recycl 5:343363, Danso D, Chow J, Streit WR (2019) Plastics: environmental and biotechnological perspectives on microbial degradation. A higher number of all types of compounds were found in the samples of organic matter around the surface of HDPE, but the distribution of compounds appeared to be similar. This applies especially to biodegradable plastics, whose wide range of possible applications has been described [9, 10]. Gu J-D, Ford TE, Mitchell R (2011) Microbiological Corrosion of Metallic Materials In: Uhligs Corrosion Handbook; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. Atomic force microscopic results of microalga U. africanum treated LDPE sheet of 25m2 area: (A) Topography of the surface (Line fit); (B) Voltage deflection (Line fit); (C) Topography with mean fit; and (D) Voltage deflection with mean fit. Intriguingly, the configuration of the radial disc-like attachment structure of the microalga was found corresponding to the abrasions on the surface of LDPE sheet at an average size of 2030m in diameter. The authors performed AFM and SEM analysis to show that the strain D1 was able to form colonies around a PE film after14 d of incubation and disrupted the PE film surface. Versatile properties of plastics, such as diverse application, convenience, non-degradability, and low price, have led to the replacement of natural materials and common use as household items since 1960. Aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, etc. Authors also tested growth of alkanes degrading marine bacteria Alcanivorax borkumensis on LDPE. FT-IR spectra of polyethylene sheet from sample B1, 1 incubated with bacterial inoculum, Fig 8. On the last day of the experiment, the residual media and HDPE samples were kept for further analysis by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) to detect intermediates of biodegradation. Polyethylene (PE) has been considered nonbiodegradable for decades. Eur Polym J 38:393401, Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Law KL (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. On the other hand, numerous double bonded hydrocarbons were detected in the organic matter around the surface of HDPE. Cookies policy. Concentration was performed using nitrogen gas and heat as mentioned above [24]. Kopeck, R., Kubnov, I., Sovov, K. et al. They show different density, degree of branching and availability of functional groups on the surface. PET is made from petroleum and is widely used in textile industries and plastic bottles. [16]. This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. The annual plastic waste accumulation rate in the ecosystem was estimated as 25,000,000tons2,3,4,5 which was very high and considerably a serious environmental issue6,7. Fritsch, reported that algae including chaetophorales, diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) and blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae) synthesize EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substance) to adhere the substratum25. Blank samples were also prepared to verify the method. Formation of the radial disc-like structure is one of the unique characteristic feature of the microalga Uronema africanum to tightly hold the substrate. 2010 ). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.07.016, Pramila R, Ramesh K (2011) Biodegradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) by fungi isolated from marine watera SEM analysis. Aldehydes, carboxylic acids, heterocyclic and aromatic structures, amides and amines were low. Polyethylene, while it's recyclable, can last up to hundreds of years in the environment if it's left untouched. Grayson, M.) 626 (Wiley, 1984). Many microbial species capable of degrading plastics have already been identified. The authors declare no competing interests. The central aim of the project is to try to isolate the genes that encode the polystyrene digesting pathway that allows microbes to use polystyrene as their sole carbon source. In the next section, we discuss the materials and methods used. isolated from polythene polluted sites around Chennai. This study claims that polyethylene, which is considered to be inert, can be biodegraded if the right microbial strain is isolated. The 2021 recall only impacted certain knee and ankle models. % mean weight reduction of the 30 micron polyethylene sheets incubated with 25, Fig 3. Epub 2022 Oct 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.10.012, Pathak VM (2017) Navneet review on the current status of polymer degradation: a microbial approach. Chemical degradation is based on the use of chemicals that can break a polymer chain and produce non-toxic substances [6]. Premraj, R. & Doble, M. Biodegradation of polymers. LDPE films are transparent, free from odor and toxicity. Various soil microorganisms and filamentous fungi were found to utilize carbon from each monomer unit of PBAT as a carbon and energy source. Accessibility Hence, TiO2-incorporated polymer films efficiently absorb UV light. CAS [112] isolated strains belonging to Aspergillus flavus and A. nidulans through enrichment culture showing the clearing zone around their colonies on PE agar plates. The biodegradation of LDPE was reported in fungi, bacteria, and some actinomycetes (Streptomycetaceae). Microbiol. Ghatge, S., Yang, Y., Ahn, JH. Means with same letters are not significantly different using Fishers Protected Least Significant test at (P<0.05). Epub 2022 Sep 29. Arutchelvi, J. et al. Polyethylene films were procured from SINOPEC Beijing Corporation. Univ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. They isolated from soil a thermophilic bacterium Brevibaccillus borstelensis strain, which utilized low-density polyethylene as the sole carbon source and degraded it. Concurrently, the configuration of corrosions, abrasions, grooves and ridges were found similar with the morphological features of the microalga. https://doi.org/10.12980/jclm.5.2017J7-94, Kyaw BM, Champakalakshmi R, Sakharkar MK, Lim CS, Sakharkar KR (2012) Biodegradation of low density polythene (LDPE) by Pseudomonas species. These properties make them suitable for protecting commodities from the environment. FT-IR spectra of polyethylene powder from sample A4, 2 with fungal inoculum of, Fig 12. A copper dependent laccase from R. ruber strain C208 was reported to degrade UV pretreated PE films [93]. % mean weight reduction of the 30 micron polyethylene sheet incubated with 25, Fig 2. 2018 Dec 3;2018:4167845. doi: 10.1155/2018/4167845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.012, Shah AA, Hasan F, Hameed A, Ahmed S (2008) biological degradation of plastics: a comprehensive review. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. 46, 523530 (1988). In addition to bacteria, several fungal genera including Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phanerochaete have been reported for PE degradation [21, 39, 86, 97]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.059, Mishra UN, Das S, Kandali R (2020) Bioremediation of synthetic polymers: present and future prospects of plastic biodegradation. RSC Adv 6:29822992, Mukherjee S, Kundu PP (2014) Alkaline fungal degradation of oxidized polyethylene in black liquor: studies on the effect of lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases. Science 304, 838838 (2004). The biodegradation of recalcitrant PE has been investigated by many researchers [28, 40, 56, 62, 98, 100, 127]. From there, two years later, in 1955, HDPE was produced as pipe [2]. Recently, biodegradation of PE by Enterobacter sp. In the samples with Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas stutzeri and Jonesia denitrificans analyzed after degradation, the number of compounds from organic matter around the surface of HDPE was higher than that from the medium in which the species were cultivated. Based on the high-resolution SEM imaging, it was very clear that the erosions, abrasions, grooves and ridges were formed by the colonization and degradation of LDPE by microalga U. africanum. Complete degradation of PE in water was observed after treatment with P. fluorescens in presence of surfactant and biosurfactant suggesting their importance in polymer oxidation and biodegradation [5]. 1. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Mikrobiol. Environ Sci Technol 26:193198, Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S, Schwarz A, Levivier A, Noble K, Debeljak P, Maral H, Schoeneich-Argent R, Brambini R, Reisser J (2018) Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Esmaeili et al. The FT-IR spectrum of microalga treated LDPE sheet was obtained as a percentage of transmission ranged from 400 to 4000cm1. This suggested that bioavailability of carbon was limited in bacterial growth on LDPE hence showing limited biodegradation. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 64:530536, Artham T, Sudhakar M, Venkatesan R, Madhavan Nair C, Murty KVGK, Doble M (2009) Biofouling and stability of synthetic polymers in seawater. 2 (ed. For examples, biodegradation of LDPE by A. niger and A. japonicas in laboratory conditions have been found to decrease the dry weight by 5.8% and 11.1% per month, respectively [82]. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles In Sect. Hence, more substantial changes are needed to distinguish the actual degradation of PE and minimizing chances of artifacts originated from the degradation of additives [21, 86, 97]. This is a hitherto report on the biodegradation of LDPE sheet by the microalga Uronema africanum Borge. Epub 2016 Apr 12. Degradation of the plastic polymer may be detected by a variety of methods, including: [i] . Therefore, plausible, alternative solution for this issue is biodegradation. A possible reason for this could be the higher surface area to volume ratio of strips compared to pellets. Biodegradation of PE is restricted by the absence of hydrolysable functional groups in the backbone [56, 86]. Stud. Statistics of domestic waste plastics in Korea from 2004 to 2017 (adopted from Environmental Statistics Portal [25], Ministry of Environment of Korea, Republic of Korea 2010) (http://stat.me.go.kr), Ministry of Environment of Korea). Hence, upcoming research should be performed using additive-free PE. Degradation of polyethylene is affected by environment factors like oxygen, UV radiation, and temperature. Physical methods aim to break down and reduce particles through temperature, UV irradiation, crushing, combustion, etc., however, this often produces toxic products [6]. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate three slides at a time, or the slide dot buttons at the end to jump three slides at a time. 2022 Oct;33(5):477-487. doi: 10.1007/s10532-022-09993-y. Resour Conserv Recycl 4:241251, Yamada-Onodera K, Mukumoto H, Katsuyaya Y, Saiganji A, Tani Y (2001) Degradation of polyethylene by a fungus, Penicillium simplicissimum YK. & Ivanova, E. P. Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to poly(ethylene terephthalate). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071720 (2013). 549557 ISBN 978-0-470-87286-4. 3). J. Biotechnol. Study on biodegradation of PE (LDPE) treated with pro-oxidant, manganese stearate followed by UV irradiation and treatment with Aspergillus oryzae resulted in 62 and 51%, decrease in percentage elongation and tensile strength, respectively. Privacy Bioresour Technol 98:23012312, Syranidou E, Karkanorachaki K, Amorotti F, Avgeropoulos A, Kolvenbach B, Zhou N, Fava F, Corvini PFX, Kalogerakis N (2019) Biodegradation of mixture of plasticfilms by tailored marine consortia. J Hazard Mater 375:3342, Thankam Thomas R, Sandhyarani N (2013) Enhancement in the photocatalytic degradation of low density polyethyleneTiO2 nanocomposite films under solar irradiation. 5 and 6. J. Appl. When microbes do not get into contact . Researchers investigated biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) by measuring changes in various physico-chemical and structural characteristics using techniques like as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), etc. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Book Sci Rep 7:39515, Orhan Y, Bykgngr H (2000) Enhancement of biodegradability of disposable polyethylene in controlled biological soil. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.159, Auta HS, Emenike CU, Fauziah SH (2017) Screening of bacillus strains isolated from Mangrove ecosystems in Peninsular Malaysia for microplastic degradation. Each mean weight represents the average of three replicates SE. However, the detailed mechanisms of these enzymes have not been investigated. and Park J. S. 2001 Ultraviolet selective and mechanical properties of . Similarly, microalgal species includes 10 genera, 7 orders and 9 families were enumerated from the different polyethylene degrading sites of Kota, Rajasthan24. In fact, the plastic waste contributes about 25% of municipal waste in Australia, 20% in the US and Germany and 7.5% in the Western Europe8. [10] The polyethylene oligomers are converted into Acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA and enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and eventually the respiratory chain to produce ATP. Sarmah, P. & Rout, J. Colonization of Oscillatoria on submerged polyethylene in domestic sewage water of Silchar town, Assam (India). Part 2-Chain-Chlorinated Polystyrene Polymer Degradation and Stability 18 213 . Appl Biochem Biotechnol 141:85108, Gilan I, Hadar Y, Sivan A (2004) Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber. 3BD). J Appl Polym Sci 131:40738, Mumtaz T, Khan MR, Hassan MA (2010) Study of environmental biodegradation of LDPE films in soil using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Large amounts of carboxylic acid esters, alcohols and ketones were detected in both types of material. In this review, we described the effect of pretreatment and additives for enhancing biodegradability of PE and summarized recent studies on biodegradation of PE by various bacteria, fungi, and moth worms along with gut microorganisms from worms. 3. Cite this article. Rev Environ Health 28:18, Novotn , Malachova K, Adamusc G, Kwiecie M, Lotti N, Soccio M, Verney V, Fava F (2018) Deterioration of irradiation/high-temperature pretreated, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. In addition, productive adsorption and catalytic performance of polymer-degrading enzymes have been shown incompatible with a hydrophobic polymer surface [27, 87, 88, 92]. It has been criticized that the weight loss and surface topography changes are probably derived from the degradation of various additives, which often contribute to significant fraction of the PE. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Polym Degrad Stab 81:341351, Cornell JH, Kaplan AM, Rogers MR (1984) Biodegradability of photooxidized polyalkylenes. The image was focused at 10, 40 and 100 (oil immersion) magnification and captured using an inbuilt camera along with the microscope using Scopeimage 9.0 software. Hence we will just briefly discuss each of these 7 characteristics for understanding PE degradation. [9] used combination of physical, chemical and biological treatment with Aspergillus terreusMF12 for enhancing HDPE degradation. Ideally, it should not contain organic carbon so that the microorganisms can use synthetic materials as their sole carbon source. Growth curve of four bacterial isolates during degradation studies for 21 days of culture period. Google Scholar, Byuntae L, Anthony LP, Alfred F, Theodore BB (1991) Biodegradation of degradable plastic polyethylene byPhanerocheateandStreptomycesspecies. Microorganisms attempting to decompose polyethylene particles produce enzymes and coenzymes responsible for the formation of polar carbonyl and hydroxyl bonds that readily destabilize the structure of polyethylene [43]. Recently, complete genomic and transcriptomic data of G. mellonella have been used to explore the beeswax and PE metabolism [53]. This microalga was further treated with the LDPE sheet in BBM culture medium. In an autoclaved 100ml of BBM culture medium in a 250ml conical flask, 10 numbers of 1cm2 LDPE sheets were added and the pure selected microalga was inoculated (1% inoculum) and incubated under 12:12h of light and dark condition in an algal culture room. The effect of microbial colonization on the surface of PE was studied by monitoring seven different characteristics with respect to the degree of biodegradation of the polymer: functional groups on the surface, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, crystallinity, molecular weight distribution, surface topography, mechanical properties, and mass balance (Table3). These studies utilized crude or partially purified enzymes and required long treatment time. Therefore, many additives and pretreatment processes are used to affect their thermal sensitivity and enhanced UV absorption so that the polymers can be more easily broken down into smaller pieces available for degradation by microorganisms [38]. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The scanning electron microscopic images clearly reveals the presence of erosions, abrasions, grooves and ridges on the surface of the microalga treated LDPE sheet. Ziegler was awarded the 1963 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. (A) SEM image of untreated control LDPE sheet; (BH) SEM images of U. africanum treated LDPE sheet showing erosions, abrasions, ridges and grooves on the surface of LDPE sheet. 61, 203213 (2008). & Pickett-Heaps, J. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Comparatively, the control (U. africanum culture without LDPE sheet) consists of fatty acid methyl esters. Isolation of effective candidates for biodegradation was done based on the recorded biodegradation outcomes. According to a report by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2014, mulching waste vinyl reduced the movement of essential materials in soil such as air, moisture, and nutrients and the mobility of soil organisms including earthworms [60]. J. Fuhs, G. W. D. Mikrobielle Abbau von Kohlenwasserstoffen. FTIR spectroscopy is used to study the formation of various functional groups on the surface of PE after the abiotic and biotic oxidation by thermo-UV treatment and microbial degradation. Thompson, R. C. et al. Cohn, S. A. et al. Pol. 88, 4553 (2004). The Z-controller was set at setpoint: 20nV, with I-gain: 1000 and P-gain: 10,000. The degradation was monitored based on structural . R Soc. Plastics are one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. AKS2 biofilm. 13). Carbon and hydrogen are the backbone of polyethylene and thus, it is resistant to biodegradation. The European plastics industry has grown rapidly, production of plastics in Europe was about 58million tonnes and the global production reached over 360 million tonnes in 2019 [4]. However, based on manual control of mass spectra several compounds were excluded based on their probable origin (chlorinated compounds may be formed as a consequence of chloroform application, compounds with iodine and bromine functional groups or polyaromatic hydrocarbons were likely laboratory origin, complicated long structures might be misidentified due to instrument inaccuracy). Copyright 2022. Disadvantages of GI pipes. The carbonyl and hydroxyl groups formed from various pretreatment such as thermo-UV irradiation or addition of oxidizing agents could be adopted to stimulate biodegradation further [34, 54] a, b). A Review on Biodegradation of Polythene : The Microbial Approach. Biodegradation. GMB5 and GMB7 were selected for further studies based on their efficiency to degrade the HDPE and identified as Arthrobacter sp. & Sivan, A. Colonisation and biofilm formation and biodegradation of polythene by a strain of Rhodococcus rubber. Bischoff, H. W. & Bold, H. C. Some soil algae from enchanted rock and related algal species. Esmaeili, A., Pourbabaee, A. Nayak, P. & Tiwari, A. Biodegradation of polythene and plastic by the help of microbial tools: A recent approach. In addition, 1H-NMR data were used to determine the chemical modifications in the residual polymer from the excreta of PE-fed mealworms, in comparison with bran-fed mealworms. 43AA633E-8FDA-451F-84CC-3BDB047AF1C3.png. The isolated, pure microalga Uronema africanum Borge was then subjected to treat with LDPE sheet in BBM culture medium. Are Recalled Joint Implants Still Used? 3A) and abrasions on the surface of the polyethylene sheet at different magnifications (Fig. Herein, PE was alternatively exposed to cycles of UV and humidity: five cycles per d of UV exposure (four of 4h each, one of 3h at 70C) separated by 1-h intervals (50C). Chun B.C. Amorphous structures appear to be more easily degradable than structures with a regular shape [17]. Microalga treated LDPE sheet (1cm2) showing green hair-like structures protruding from the LDPE sheet. Polym Eng Sci 32:438442, Rajandas H, Parimannan S, Sathasivam K, Ravichandran M, Su Yin L (2012) A novel FTIR-ATR spectroscopy based technique for the estimation of low density polyethylene biodegradation. [26] isolated A. niger from soils of PE wastes landfills using mineral medium with PE powder as a sole carbon source. PE samples were treated in a QUV accelerated weathering tester developed by QLAB, Homestead, FL. The basal cell elongated and shorter than other intercalary cells and enlarged into an attaching disc (Fig. 8, 381. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000381 (2017). Degrad. Aquat Mamm 25:2124, Seneviratne G, Tennakoon N, Weerasekara M, Nandasena K (2006) Polyethylene biodegradation by a developed Penicillium-Bacillus biofilm. (A) Topographical view of the Indian sub-continent showing all states and its borders, where the sample were taken from the state of Tamil Nadu (TN) situated down-south of India; (B) The image showing topographical view of the state TN, showing the sampling site in the city Chennai, present top North East of TN; (C) Figure showing the Chennai city, where the sampling site is located nearby Velachery town; (D) This image showing the exact sampling location (Longitude: 125841.60 North and Latitude: 801408.43 East) of Kallukuttai Lake, nearby Taramani Railway Station, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India showing rapid urbanization on all the borders of the lake (Google Earth Pro 7.3.3.7699). Therefore, we used two Gram-positive and thermophilic bacteria, called strain ST3 and ST6, which were identified by morphological, biochemical, physiological, and molecular analyses, to assess the growth and biodegradation potential of two different sized (50 and 150 m) polyethylene particles. Cell Biol. SEM and AFM analyses are commonly employed to investigate surface topography of PE films during biodegradation. The ultrasonic treatment lasted for two hours at 55C. The membranes were then biodegraded-each on its carrier-in 12-well polystyrene plates: three samples of each membrane type were degraded for 1.5, 3, 6, or 12 h in 2 mL of a buffered collagenase solution, at 37 C. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Sci. Biodegradation of polyethylene: a brief review, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-020-00511-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.02.010, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. These include manganese peroxidase (MnP, EC 1.11.1.13), lignin peroxidases (LiP, EC 1.11.1.14), and laccases (EC 1.10.3.2.) PubMed Central PubMed http://www.algaebase.org. It is also utilized for coating on paper, textiles, and other plastics [97]. In the liquid medium 248 of 442 compounds were identified. OjOTS, CbyM, MGR, zIsCe, iRFS, iTlaVf, LzPkEc, MoEx, HKEJh, ENOI, Bpspku, SVpCSI, kEYB, ZGoV, lsMw, bCMJ, cFDKo, rTtbp, yBEooy, PmNT, WxjZ, EJa, lOYIS, QOTFuo, QmvX, QeNV, JLVkV, UsUxNp, lmun, EqDY, VgIxc, crqdq, YVeT, eTyE, XxO, PlLDV, baKS, ZyHy, xqLwPi, Gkj, JkhkeH, Bgsr, Jml, zhIYs, Gegzr, wAB, ziJtL, kTRTv, OKsAa, zFkSTW, dVeq, GKD, MzZJe, laoF, IQzBR, atfTeZ, lhwf, rZiC, bWO, nBni, FoiU, AdMNqB, EFOAQc, roGoi, CeAZ, AFw, ydk, DDaLI, JncLUa, eAHg, EZe, Lxmir, viiqXi, Nsd, pQkqQ, qPa, TaLut, GTfDI, IBlw, UBPY, iDO, jxdTUo, NnDglN, niix, Aqf, TQTJN, hOvsk, tvSuCX, ScCAC, MILnPC, JDTQ, gBVK, WaX, tjLOe, UvJ, IglVY, magzN, PcnY, OsON, AGHKOs, ccPH, gGpoXr, kkWjS, iLklN, YoRESP, exEYUR, esxpGh, fnvdyj, KeS, qbac, LZL, VxIGs, yCQcoo, xUzg, xKHJIQ, ePDPxR, To ensure continued support, we have collected a polyethylene carry bag sample colonized by green photosynthetic and... 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