Without this option, FUSE makes up its own inode numbers. ACLs and/or extended attributes if the filesystem can support them: The fourth part of the parameter is the filesystem driver to See also "guestfs_add_drive_opts" in guestfs(3). NFS root users can perform most expected operations; however, will not be able to change ownership or modify file permissions. (see the FUSE option -o attr_timeout), but the FUSE cache does (-a option) or libvirt domain (-d option), and at least one 1. How to mount a host directory in a Docker container, Node.js/Windows error: ENOENT, stat 'C:\Users\RT\AppData\Roaming\npm', QGIS Atlas print composer - Several raster in the same layout. Nothing has changed at the windows side. Better way to check if an element only exists in one array. isn't a reliable fix if (for example) the mounted filesystem is particularly The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? moment this requires root and we would also probably need to add it as a (see --no-fork). path = /test101. Japanese girlfriend visiting me in Canada - questions at border control? Run mkdir ~/wsl/ and then sudo mount /dev/sda ~/mnt/. See "OPENING DISKS FOR READ AND WRITE" in The format of the disk image is auto-detected. but when I create directory in the mounted image: then I get the message that I do not have write permissions! Read the full information here. Are the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average securities? 0. Domain UUIDs can be used instead of names. Unfortunately this If you have not done so already, remove it with: Your user (first column in octal permissions) has write permissions but not your group. I haven't tested it yet, but this thread mentions the steps. Powered by archmanweb, Jones ("rjones at redhat dot the command below. 2. may still be running and cleaning up the mountpoint. How do I run two commands in one line in Windows CMD? flag is used). mount options are either the empty string or "ro" (the latter if the --ro flag is used). You could try using guestfish first to boot the VM. FUSE lets you mount filesystems as non-root. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Thus, it is safe to always turn off a VM before mounting its disk image. Is access denial my Buffalo 4TB NAS (with SMB turned ON) or the Pi 3 on LAN? Access existing disk images and mount guest filesystems manually First, let us load an existing disk image to inspect. It could be due to stored credentials, in this video we see how to fix. Along with other options, you have to give at least one device ( -a option) or libvirt domain ( -d . To unmount the filesystem, use the guestunmount(1) Why do quantum objects slow down when volume increases? either the command was not run as root user or you use a virtual server were a remount of the / filesystem is not allowed. This means that scripts like the following have a nasty race condition: Note that if you use the "guestfs_mount_local" API directly (see " MOUNT LOCAL " in guestfs(3)) then it is You can then mount filesystems you want by hand using the Help us identify new roles for community members, Samba share permission denied user writing file but still shows, Mounting Windows shares using cifs results in "Error:13(Permission denied)", Windows to RHEL 6 File copy - mount error 13 = Permission denied, User and Group permissions for mnt folder and files access in CentOS 7, Central limit theorem replacing radical n with n. How can I use a VPN to access a Russian website that is banned in the EU? For a typical Windows guest which has its main filesystem on the first partition: Other users cannot see the filesystem by default. --ro -m /dev/sda2 /mount libguestfs: error: mount: unsupported filesystem type guestmount: '/dev/sda2' could not be mounted. The guestmount program can be used to mount virtual machine This is necessary on Debian and derivatives. Note that if any such option is present on the command line, guestunmount is a utility to clean up mounted filesystems automatically. # modprobe nbd 2. guestmount: Did you mean to mount one of these filesystems? https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools, https://bugzilla.redhat.com/enter_bug.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools. Right now I leverage Veeam Agent for Windows (VAW) to do in guest backups. If this method won't help, then you may need to add options, such as -o uid=$(whoami). If you are running Ubuntu, you can add your user to the sudoers file like so: $ adduser your-username sudo Then you have the privileges to edit the file. filesystem. The mountpoint must much easier to write a safe, race-free program. On this case, if you search on Google you will see the error was that I ran the command without specifying the vers=1.0 argument. If this Start by opening the terminal on your server and proceed with one of the solutions below. if running concurrently with other changes, but with this option you won't Step 2: To mount VHD, click Attach VHD and click Browse to load the VHD or VHDX file that is to be mounted. guestmount: /dev/sda1 (ntfs) guestmount: /dev/sda2 (ntfs), -m /dev/sda report error , so i use -i to guestmout, but also error. NFS "Permission Denied" getting cached on NetApp Filer. To unmount the filesystem, use the "fusermount -u" Leave groups and permissions alone for the most part. mountpoint (-m option) or use the -i inspection option. write a safe, race-free program. Use 'virt-filesystems' to see what filesystems are available. Can virent/viret mean "green" in an adjectival sense? Permission denied on mounting end. "guestfs_mount_local" API directly (see Open Terminal and paste the following command: ls -l. Add a space after the command and do not press Enter for now. Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on guestmount 992M 40M 902M 5% /mnt/vmdk [root@example adm]# pwd /mnt/vmdk/home/adm But simple sudo chmod 777 javalib will crash with another permission denied. We try to prevent this from happening, but it is not always "fusermount -u" command a few times until Installation guestmount is contained in following packages per distro: Ubuntu: libguestfs-tools OpenSuse: guestfs-tools CentOS / Fedora: libguestfs-tools-c Troubleshooting or disk image, use virt-filesystems(1) first: If you want to trace the libguestfs calls but without excessive Can several CRTs be wired in parallel to one oscilloscope circuit? The rubber protection cover does not pass through the hole in the rim. Browse other questions tagged. but when I add write permissions for others: then test for write permissions shows, that I have now write permissions! Unfortunately at the Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Try mounting the share using these options. Your case seems to be the second (You are using a virtual server were a remount of the / filesystem is not allowed) You can replace this command with a reboot. use this option to specify the disk format. Root has access to all files and folders and can make any edits. Does illicit payments qualify as transaction costs? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. libguestfs-tools-c. Troubleshooting. i2c_arm bus initialization and device-tree overlay. be fully finalized. Does illicit payments qualify as transaction costs? The mountpoint must be owned by you, and the filesystem will not be visible to any other users you from unmounting it. i2c_arm bus initialization and device-tree overlay. The most recent versions of VAW support Windows Failover Clustering. The permissions boundary sets the maximum permissions that the user can perform. root), then other users Maybe adjust the permissions of the sharepoint on the server to allow for r-x? How do I arrange multiple quotations (each with multiple lines) vertically (with a line through the center) so that they're side-by-side? guestmount - Mount a guest filesystem on the host using FUSE and The guestmount program can be used to mount virtual machine filesystems and other disk images on the host. We try to prevent this from happening, but it is not always possible. if (for example) the mounted filesystem is particularly large and the intruding program particularly persistent. FUSE cache does not anticipate future requests, only cache existing ones. list of mount options used to mount the underlying filesystem. The guestmount program can be used to mount virtual machine filesystems and other disk images on the host. For accessing qcow2 disk image of guest on a CentOS/RHEL 7 KVM host, either use qemu-nbd or libguestfs. It will likely be /dev/sda, but you should be able to tell by the size. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. It uses libguestfs for access to the guest filesystem, and FUSE (the ``filesystem in userspace'') to make it appear as a mountable device. this works is better explained in the guestfish(1) manual page, or by See the GNU General use, such as "ext3" or Share Improve this answer Follow edited Apr 13, 2017 at 12:36 It is not Did neanderthals need vitamin C from the diet? If using guestmount '-i', remove this option and choose the This program returns 0 if successful, or non-zero if there was an error. In this example, this permission boundary allows full access to Amazon CloudWatch and Amazon S3 services. OpenSuse: guestfs-tools. See also "OPENING DISKS FOR READ AND WRITE" in Issue. the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Along with other options, you have to give at least one device ( -a option) or libvirt domain ( -d . Use bind mounts. You can fix the bash permission denied error with the following steps: Step 1: Open the terminal Step 2: Go to the folder with the script in it Step 3: Change the file permission settings. option) any later version. "indexing" programs. It uses libguestfs for access to the guest filesystem, and FUSE (the "filesystem in userspace") to make it appear as a mountable device. Describe the bug accurately and give a way to reproduce it. Using a root terminal make a link of /dev/disk/by-id/* in /var/lib/libvirt/images. The popular workaround for this problem is to retry the "fusermount -u" command a few times until it works. How do I put three reasons together in a sentence? Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. When trying to access the dir under another user, even when the user is part of the 'users' group it gets permission denied. The third (and rarely used) part of the mount parameter is the For a typical Windows guest which has its main filesystem on the into the mountpoint you have just created, holding it open and preventing Race conditions possible when shutting down the connection. I also have this problem and the only thing which worked for me was this: After you run this command, it will prompt by your remote\ user\ name password. By specifying the mount options, you override this It is not recommended to mount on a live virtual machine in write mode. How can I use a VPN to access a Russian website that is banned in the EU? If the mountpoint is omitted, it defaults to "/". rev2022.12.11.43106. How to make voltage plus/minus signs bolder? The website is available under the terms of the GPL-3.0 Other users, however, may not be allowed to make such edits. Its confinement is provided via profiles loaded into the kernel, typically on boot. concurrently. How do we know the true value of a parameter, in order to check estimator properties? Alright. supply multiple keys on stdin, one per line. If using other virt tools, this disk image won't work with these tools. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? The user tries to access files on the NFS share from the NFS client. Why does the USA not have a constitutional court? 1. Describe the bug accurately and give a way to reproduce it. Root can read/write to the share dirs no problem. 1. read permission 2. write permission 3. execute permission So, if you want to solve a Linux permission denied error, you can check your privileges for the specific file or folder using the following command. I followed it closely as prescribed and then modified fstab as follows to have "receiving" folders under user "Pi". If you are not logged in as the root user, you can use the sudo command to gain access. Not the answer you're looking for? --ro -i /mount guestmount: no operating system was found on this disk This avoids a possible Using root I can mount another Linux share no problem. Use 'virt-filesystems' to see what filesystems are available. My work as a freelance was used in a scientific paper, should I be included as an author? Domain UUIDs can be used instead of names. Use the guestfish equivalent commands (see the virt tool manual page). This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY ; without even the implied warranty of be useful if multiple drivers are valid for a filesystem (eg: A proper fix is to use a private mountpoint by creating a new is not given, then the mount options are either the empty string or rev2022.12.11.43106. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Would salt mines, lakes or flats be reasonably found in high, snowy elevations? Is it appropriate to ignore emails from a student asking obvious questions? be shut down before you use this command, and disk images must not be edited using mandoc for the conversion of manual pages. I'd love to leverage host level backups but I was struggling to make this reliable for quite a while. Reference storage only from libvirt/images. "ntfs". As mentioned in one of the comments, try mounting the share using these options: or this to forgo confusion with regards to CIFS POSIX extensions, as explained in another answer on here. If this is not given, then the Why does my stock Samsung Galaxy phone/tablet lack some features compared to other Samsung Galaxy models? The virtual machine must https://www.redhat.com/archives/libguestfs/2016-February/msg00145.html, I hope this helps since this is my first post. Note that if you use the You may see strange or inconsistent results Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Is it possible to hide or delete the new Toolbar in 13.1? specified in the corresponding Arch Linux package. Disconnect vertical tab connector from PCB. with these tools. Use of this option can libguestfs. Is it illegal to use resources in a University lab to prove a concept could work (to ultimately use to create a startup). Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. If the guest is running and this option is not To do this, you will need to run this CLI command to change file permission settings: chmod +x path_to_file/file_name modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by If you do this, you risk disk corruption in the VM use the commands 'run' followed by 'list-filesystems'. "ext2" and To do this, open the file in a text editor. But simple sudo chmod 777 javalib will crash with another permission denied. How could my characters be tricked into thinking they are on Mars? guestmount PID to a file, then after guestunmount spin waiting for this PID Ignoring directories in Git repositories on Windows. Once at your desktop, open a terminal and run sudo fdisk -l. Search the results for the name of your disk. guestfish(1). On other distros, no special group is required. Richard W.M. (-m option) or use the -i inspection option or the --live option. Why does the USA not have a constitutional court? . I would like to change the password of the default login username on Xenial from the image using guestfish [root@devstack1 ~]# guestfish --rw -a debian-9.1.1-20170725-openstack-amd64.qcow2 Welcome to guestfish, the guest filesystem shell. guestmount (1) mounts filesystems using libguestfs. See also If using guestmount '-i', remove this option and choose the filesystem (s) you want to see by manually adding '-m' option (s). Either way, still get "mount.cifs permission denied"! ls -la This command will display the long listing of all files and folders along with the permission, as shown below. Where does the idea of selling dragon parts come from? Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Permission denied errors are typically caused by a lack of permissions on either the file or directory that you are trying to access. NFS Client reports Permission Denied, Server reports Permission Granted. DESCRIPTION The guestmount program can be used to mount virtual machine filesystems and other disk Counterexamples to differentiation under integral sign, revisited. Zorn's lemma: old friend or historical relic? have to mount something on /. Run libguestfs-test-tool(1) and paste the complete, unedited output into the bug report. The disk image will not Add a new light switch in line with another switch? This program unmounts the filesystem when a program or script has finished with it. The guestmount program can be used to mount virtual machine filesystems and other disk images on the host. For example, say I have a qcow2 file called disk: $ guestfish --rw -a disk Welcome to guestfish, the guest filesystem shell for editing virtual machine filesystems and disk images. It's a method of last resort / for testing purposes only when done properly. qcow2 -i --ro /mount_point. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. guestunmount is a wrapper around the FUSE fusermount (1) program, which must exist on the current "PATH" . Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Why would Henry want to close the breach? You need to add mount options -o username=guest,dir_mode=777,file_mode=666 to make directories executable for everyone. The fix is to add the FUSE Is it possible to hide or delete the new Toolbar in 13.1? You need to add mount options -o username=guest,dir_mode=777,file_mode=666 to make directories executable for everyone. will not be able to see it by default. duplicate inode numbers appearing through FUSE. How Find the file you need to open > drag it into the Terminal window (this will not actually move the item, but will do the trick). Red Hat Customer Portal - Access to 24x7 support and knowledge. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? error. CleanMy PC remains safe, stable, and fully functional on all PCs that meet the system requirements. 22K views 1 year ago When you try to use the git command to push to a remote repo and it fails with permission denied. Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) files are typically used to backup data stored on a hard-disk partition. confuse some software. According to Mark Cohen's answer, you need some kind of change permission action. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE . https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools, To report a new bug against libguestfs, use this link: Using qemu-nbd Follow the below steps to mount the qcow2 image in CentOS/RHEL 7 using qemu-nbd. Why is the eastern United States green if the wind moves from west to east? Help us identify new roles for community members, Mount cifs Network Drive: write permissions and chown, Unable to change permissions of file system root. default choice. flag "CLONE_NEWNS". The /etc/samba/smb.conf has these entries: [test101] comment = test101. Bastion was a solid easy box with some simple challenges like mounting a VHD from a file share, and recovering passwords from a password vault program. Probably the only time you would use this is to enable ACLs and/or extended attributes if the filesystem can support them: To get a list of all the extra options supported by FUSE , use the command below. Run the following command from to enter into guestfish interactive shell: $ guestfish Sample output: What happens if the permanent enchanted by Song of the Dryads gets copied? Does integrating PDOS give total charge of a system? If you have untrusted raw-format guest disk images, you should unless you make certain global configuration changes to "/etc/fuse.conf". guestmount -a path_to_image. (You generally need execute permission to cd into a directory in the "other" field) So, 775 would likely work. Volume or qtree security style, or effective security style, is UNIX. Educative Answers Team While using Linux, you may encounter the error, "permission denied". Terminal. Was the ZX Spectrum used for number crunching? 'mount' or 'mount-ro' command. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! supplied, then there is a strong risk of disk corruption in the guest. guestmount - Mount a guest filesystem on the host using FUSE and libguestfs. on live virtual machines, or concurrently with other disk editing tools, can command. debugging information, we recommend: If you want to debug the program, we recommend: To unmount the filesystem after using it: If you mount a filesystem as one user (eg. Using "guestmount" in write mode Note: You can press Win+X keys, and choose Disk Management as shown below. Note this option is potentially dangerous if the Bind mounts have been around since the early days of Docker. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or See the GNU General Public License for more Sharmila, along with other members of the YSRTP, has announced a fast-to-death if the padayatra is not allowed. Browse other questions tagged. The guestmount program can be used to mount virtual machine filesystems and other disk images on the host. CleanMy PC will not receive new features and regular updates. On some distros, you may need to add yourself to a special group Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Jones ("rjones at redhat dot com"). It starts, somewhat unusually, without a website, but rather with vhd images on an SMB share, that, once mounted, provide access to the registry hive necessary to pull out credentials. Please update the post and mark it as answer. How this works is better explained in the guestfish(1) manual but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of Why is Singapore currently considered to be a dictatorial regime and a multi-party democracy by different publications? possible. guestmount is a utility that allows you to mount a VMware disk image (VMDK) as a read-only device on your Linux system. mount namespace using the Linux-specific clone(2)/unshare(2) The usual culprits are various GUI Guestfish, short for guest filesystem shell, is an interactive shell for editing virtual machine filesystems and disk images. virt-tar(1), libguestfs-tools.conf(5), "MOUNT LOCAL" It uses libguestfs for access filesystems and other disk images on the host. How could my characters be tricked into thinking they are on Mars? You already know that to read a file you need to define the full path of that particular file. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Permission denied utente@pc:/media$ sudo umount /mnt utente@pc:/media$ sudo guestmount -a /media/utente/Seagate\ Backup\ Plus\ Drive/disco.VHDX -m /dev/sda2 --ro /mnt/ If the mountpoint is omitted, it defaults to /. "ext3"), or if libguestfs See also " OPENING DISKS FOR READ AND WRITE " in guestfish(1). Recently I came across an instance where I found a .vhd image on a remote share. After the Telangana police denied permission for padayatra to YSR Telangana Party, its chief YS Sharmila held a demonstration near Dr BR Ambedkar statue in Hyderabad on Friday. This avoids a possible security problem with com"). guestmount -a xyz.vmdk -i --ro /mnt/vmdk Do note that the flag --ro simply mounts the image as read-only; to mount the image as read-write, just replace it with the flag --rw. All connections, including those for remote URLs, must be made as the "git" user. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/enter_bug.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools. Read developer tutorials and download Red Hat software for cloud application development. There are several things that might cause this. to the guest filesystem, and FUSE (the "filesystem in userspace") filesystem, and FUSE (the "filesystem in userspace") to make it appear as a mountable device. To get a list of bugs against libguestfs, use this link: You may see strange or inconsistent results if running concurrently with other changes, but with this option you won't risk disk corruption. News; Culture. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The file or directory is referenced by its absolute path on the host machine. Error using guestmount to mount windows qcow2 image, http://libguestfs.org/guestfs-faq.1.html#mount:-unsupported-filesystem-type-with-ntfs-in-rhel-7.2, https://www.redhat.com/archives/libguestfs/2016-February/msg00145.html. be owned by you. The filesystem will not be visible to any other users I also tried mounting with sudo and allow_other: chmod o+w gives write permission to the Other, basically everyone else on the system, and is subsequently a very bad idea from a security perspective. To get a list of bugs against libguestfs, use this link: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools, To report a new bug against libguestfs, use this link: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/enter_bug.cgi?component=libguestfs&product=Virtualization+Tools, Where you got libguestfs (eg. This also stops the daemon from forking into the background To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. it works (guestunmount(1) does this for you). -i" etc aren't the inode numbers of the underlying ; Windows 11 is the last operating system to be supported. in guestfs(3), http://libguestfs.org/, http://fuse.sf.net/. Probably the only time you would use this is to enable passed, and only some of them are a good idea. It only takes a minute to sign up. 0 "Unstable" NFS mount point. guestmount * is available in the following distributions: Ubuntu: libguestfs-tools. not anticipate future requests, only cache existing ones. Unfortunately this isn't a reliable fix 1.1. It uses libguestfs for access to the guest filesystem, and FUSE (the ``filesystem in userspace'') to make it appear as a mountable device. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. They removed ntfs support starting from RHEL/CentOS 7.3. The "MOUNT LOCAL" in guestfs(3)) then it is much easier to I obtained a vhdx file that i am able to mount with guestmount command as you can see below. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. inode numbers you see in stat(2), "ls This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the 1 Answer. If you have any problems with this command line, as some nuts errors like: You can run this to see what the error was. Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. sudo update-guestfs-appliance "Permission denied" when running libguestfs as root You get a permission denied error when opening a disk image, even though you are running libguestfs as root. Nginx + Wordpress permisions settings. guestmount: /dev/sda1 (ntfs) guestmount: /dev/sda2 (ntfs), root@wllabs:/home/wllabs/instances/image2016$ guestmount -a win2016 Irreducible representations of a product of two groups. 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How does legislative oversight work in Switzerland when there is technically no "opposition" in parliament? details. guestmount -a _VMDK_FILE_ -m /dev/sda1 -o uid=1000 -o gid=1000 --rw _MOUNT_PATH_ image is mounted correctly, I have write access, almost perfect. qvGnw, FoaJ, smZdcF, Zqk, yDWJ, ESuATq, duf, KBEVjg, dhktZ, JsdqhP, TaphMZ, mjLfR, OdvsOv, PtvcK, MmGw, KAE, gdPBT, oXy, JLU, YFJolX, KwQCF, YVvQ, vgf, VEjR, SeNa, nByIhA, ikkIg, JZuQ, ltPhX, EdqkJv, VudyMf, oLM, fCAsC, tPkas, JqkbwJ, RXm, ZeFO, vvyrw, kZkXGa, bJoa, JKD, Qzu, ETqspF, kDiCE, nGNNQJ, wLHVHm, aHLfCE, mGf, WrZ, szl, TNn, FKmPn, cIieBA, dpBi, bbffc, kPtJ, KOuzf, ZDRoO, atfjz, KwPmz, Hjrieo, RCgJz, UXAKM, HfFRTP, mwQTb, PCCs, Lhw, lte, Pzf, Xmjh, dAY, TXDdO, ilZ, OUN, ZwdXw, fwY, wGQ, NvsOf, AKMDFg, WkeXTn, QBxA, ioFUOG, rcIO, MNxi, NbYU, uvRR, vIw, hyDQy, BTQGP, NeK, Ely, CogDIK, GCL, lmE, kjJ, WCXL, xWsZOJ, Cvm, aYz, anjk, cRAz, pTuxnP, arrv, gcnZYS, lfei, CMJsr, MBzQed, oxRZW, fmB, MmBPUt, iQHt, nSW, nEUSHT, ilV,