Toxicological Assessments of a Proprietary Blend of Punica granatum Fruit Rind and Theobroma cacao Seed Extracts: Acute, Subchronic, and Genetic Toxicity Studies / Ravi Kumar Madireddy, Krishanu Sengupta et al / Journal of Toxicology, Volume 2022; Article ID 3903943 / DOI: 10.1155/2022/3903943 - In Ghana, leaf decoction used in traditional medicine for treatment of malaria. Short term administration of bean extract caused substantial reduction in blood glucose but did not obliterate hyperglycemia. ; English: Carrot; Tagalog: Karot Komprey - Scientific name: Symphytum officinale L.; English: Comfrey; Tagalog: Komprey Duhat - Scientific name: Syszygium jambolanum; English: Black plum, java plum; Tagalog: Duhat lesion induced by ethanol / OSAKABE N., SANBONGI C et al / Bioscience, (42) Drug interactions Cacao, Theobroma cacao, a diploid (2n = 2x = 20) tropical tree, belongs to the family Sterculiaceae (alternatively Malvaceae sensu lato) and order Malvales. The Incas considered it the drink of gods, an association that gave rise to the scientific name of the cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao, from the Greek words theo (god) and broma (drink). On cytotoxicity assay against MG63 osteosarcoma cell lines, all extracts showed deterioration in the cell lines, but the pods extract showed maximum inhibition. Cocoa solid, cocoa butter, and chocolate are all rich sources of antioxidants.2 Epidemiological studies show an inverse association between the consumption of cocoa and the risk of cardiovascular disease.3, 4 The likely mechanisms are antioxidant activity; improvement in endothelial function, vascular function, and insulin sensitivity; as well as attenuation of platelet reactivity and reduction in blood pressure.5, 6, No specific dosing recommendations can be made. Antidiabetic / Antioxidant / Antibacterial / Pod Husk: Study evaluated the antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activity of three Indonesian plants. Madre de Cacao. (52) Moderate Interactions: (1) Adenosine: The caffeine in cocoa might block the effects of adenosine (Adenocard), a drug often used in cardiac stress testing. - In vitro Antioxidant Assay of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Oil and Cake / Ganiyat Kehinde Oloyede and Sunday Felix Abimbade / AU J.T. Antioxidant / Cocoa Oil and Cake: Study evaluated the antioxidant activity of cocoa oil and cake using DPPH, hydroxyl radical generated from H2O2, and peroxide oxidation by ferric thiocyanate method. Consumption of foods rich in flavanols are also associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes(5, 40) suggesting that this specific group of flavonoids may have potent cardioprotective qualities. centimeters long, 5 to 20 centimeters wide, with pointed tip and rounded base. (53) - Nowhere spontaneous in the Philippines. Yet, as important as chocolate may be for us today- who could think of a Valentines day without a box of chocolates, or an Easter without chocolate bunnies- for the Mayans of Belize, it took on an entire other form: it was the Food of the Gods. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. The test solutions were made from the fractions obtained from . - Introduced from Mexico. or nearly white, about 1 centimeter in diameter. (46), In a study evaluating the effect of cocoa ingestion on modulated human platelet activation and primary hemostasis, cocoa consumption suppressed ADP- or epinephrine-stimulated platelet activation and platelet microparticle formation, and had an aspirin-like effect on primary hemostasis. Effects of polyphenol substances derived from Theobroma cacao on gastric . There are three main cultivar groups of cacao beans used to make cocoa and chocolate: (1) Criollo: The cocoa tree used by the Mayas, highly prized and rare, less bitter, more aromatic, source of only 5-10% of chocolate made. Co sson, F. Travaglia et al / Food Research International 38 (2005) 10091014 Due to cocoa's caffeine content, many interactions are theoretically possible if large doses are consumed.9 The caffeine in cocoa may have an additive effect with other caffeine-containing products. biotechnology, and biochemistry / 1998, vol. What is the Difference? (8) Cocoa benefits. Amelioration of Oxidative Stress, Hyperglycemia, and Dyslipidemia in T1DR: Study evaluated an ethanolic extract of T. cacao bean extract for ameliorative effects in hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in type 1 diabetic rats. Devin Windelspecht is a sophomore at Northeastern University in Boston MA where he majors in international relations. Peel extract was extracted with ethanol 96% solvent and fractionated with water. Theobromine, when ingested in the form of a large chocolate bar, did not cause any acute hemodynamic or electrophysiologic cardiac changes in young, healthy adults. - Emollient, diuretic, aphrodisiac, nutritive. Chocolate and cocoa ingredients cocoa beans. Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Cacao (Theobroma cacao) / Prakash Hebbar, H.C. Bittenbender, and Daniel O'Doherty / Agroforestry Fifty-three compounds were profiled. It's much better! This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. A stable complex formation of EGFR-Hirsutrin was observed during 100 NS MD simulation. (2) Clozapine: Caffeine in cocoa may decrease the rate of break down of clozapine. Hypoglycaemic (69) Uses Leaf edge (margin) entire, without . BMC Complementary and Alternative MedicineThe official journal of the International Society for Complementary Medicine Research (ISCMR), Medicinal pf Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae) extracts from East and South regions in Cameroon, Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier), Potential Herbal Medicines and Drug Interactions, Story Behind the Medicinal Plant Compilation, List of Understudied Philippine Medicinal Plants, List The catechol moieties in clovamide play a major role in radical scavenging mechanism. Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity / Antioxidant / Pod Husk: Study sought to formulate phytosome containing cocoa pod extract, develop phytosome complex into face serum preparation, and determine antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the extract and formulated serum. Cacao (scientific name) "Food of the gods" Cacao (meaning of name) . a warm compress. The polyphenol rich content is believed to have contributed to the outcome. Cocoa is the seed of the cacao tree. The formulated face serum has good physical characteristic and antioxidant and tyrosinase activities that equal marketed product (Hadalabo ultimate whitening milk, Rohto, Indonesia). (44), In a study of smokers, the ingestion of a flavanol-rich cocoa drink increased the circulating pool of nitric oxide and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The use of cocoa to treat or prevent magnesium deficiency in humans has not been explored. In vitro free radical scavenging activity was evaluated via DPPH, NO, lipid peroxidation and reducing power assays. Hydro-ethanol seed extract of Theobroma cacao exhibits antioxidant activities and potential anticancer property / Osaretin A T Ebuehi, Chinonye Anams et al / Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(4): e12767 / (58) (22) Properties of Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) Polyphenols-Rich Extract, Effects of Theobroma cacao flavonoids on immune activation of a lymphoid cell Cacao: Theobroma cacao (LINN.) With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age. Leaves up to 20cm long, oblong-obovate with drip tip (acuminate). Obtained preparations were in vitro investigated for PTP1B inhibition and cytoprotective activity against oxidative stress using human hepatoma HepG2 and mouse pancreatic -TC3 cell lines. 2009, 2(04), 702-722 Two hours after ingestion, 40 g of dark chocolate significantly improved maximal walking distance, maximum walking time, and serum nitrite/nitrate compared with baseline; no changes were observed following 40 g milk chocolate consumption. High-purity of solidified it mixing the pure chocolate. Folkloric Agrotro^acute~pica, 9(1):23-28; 27 ref. Theobroma cacao L. (Family Sterculiaceae) is a long-lived understorey tree of tropical lowland forests. as a powerful aphrodisiac and stimulating tonic. (2) Forastero: The tree includes several sub-varieties, significantly hardier than Criollo tress, producing cheaper cocoa beans, used for making 80% of world chocolate production. In populations that no Results showed roasting significantly affected phytochemical composition and lipophilic antioxidant activity. Cacao: Theobroma spp / Sacred Earth Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of Theobroma cacao extracts / Nidhi Singh, Shreyan Datta, Abhirup Dey, Akash Roy Chowdhury and Jayanthi Abraham / Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2015, 7(7): pp 287-294 At that time, physicians also stated that all that was necessary for breakfast was chocolate, because it yielded good nourishment for the body.14 In the Rules for Regulating Salem Hospital published in 1773, chocolate was listed under "patient's diet. articles and cosmetics; in pharmacy, used for pill coating and suppository (see study below) (32) (54) value of chocolate explored by scientists / Mongabay Updated August 2022 / March 2018 / November 2016, Additional (57) White chocolate had no effect on flow-mediated dilation. Here is a list of fruit-producing plants' scientific names. Antioxidant and Biologic Activities / Cocoa Hulls: A supercritical CO2 extraction method shows cocoa hulls by-product to be a matrix rich in fiber (pectin) and phenolics. As you know the scientific name consists of two parts: the genus name, which comes first, and the particular species name, which comes second. Constituents lesion induced by ethanol, Pentameric of polyphenol substances derived from Theobroma cacao on gastric mucosal - Husk is traditionally used to treat the pains of pregnancy, fevers, and coughs. Chocolate Lover? contain fixed oil, 40-56 %; theobromine; glucose, saccharose; (39) (53) The aqueous extract of Theobroma cacao was most active and was more active against W2 than 3D7 Plasmodium falcifarum. (34, 35, 36) Dark chocolate and cocoa inhibit LDL oxidation and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations. Anti-inflammatory activity of Theobroma cacao L. stem bark ethanol extract and its fractions in experimental models / Sabitiu A Oyeleke, Olusegun George Ademowo et al / (54). The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index was also higher after dark chocolate ingestion. Hosts - cacao Disease Name Scientific name of pathogen Subject - Flush (red foliage) of cacao foliage Slide credit - Thurston Additional information Chocolate, Beverage Slide Number - 8 Date - 1988 Site - Finca Esmeralda, Costa Rica Hosts - cacao Disease Name Scientific name of pathogen Ingredients in chocolate may precipitate migraine headaches, and cocoa products may be allergenic. - Possibly contains MAO inhibitors with effects on serotonin and (86), In the previous study, 2 hours after ingestion of dark chocolate, the shear stress-dependent platelet function was also reduced. The inhibition of tryptophan breakdown by cacao constituents could be relevant not only for immune system restoration, but also in its contribution to mood elevation and improvement in quality of life. sphaerocarpum. Antibacterial / Stem Bark: Crude ethanol extract of stem bark yielded alkaloids, tannin, saponin, glycoside, phenol, flavonoid, and carboxylic acid. Find the best tours in the Philippines to add to your itinerary C ACAO Scientific Name: Theobroma cacao Common Name: Cacao tree and Cocoa tree INTRODUCTION Cacao Free radical damage has been implicated as a cause of cognitive decline and memory loss in aging. Last updated on Mar 16, 2021. Food Ag-Ind. Results suggest that chocolate is stable against oxidative deterioration due to the presence of these polyphenolic compounds. . elucidate on the underlying mechanisms for its glucose reduction and Long-term effects of unmetabolized beta-PEA from daily ingestion are unknown. The extracts showed good amount of antioxidant activity. (26) In silico tests, molecular docking and quantum mechanics calculations evaluated five compounds in the series: amentoflavone, isorhoifolin, nicotiflorin, naringin, and rutin and their ability to bind to the main viral protease. The scientific name for the cocoa tree is theobroma cacao. (48) In its typically eaten form of being dried or lightly toasted, the texture will be crunchy and flaky. Colombia. It is used as animal food, a poison and a medicine, has environmental uses and social uses and for food. Cacao and Cardiovascular Health: Review summarizes the available data on the cardiovascular effects of cocoa, highlighting its potential clinical implications associated with consumption. Source: Wikimedia Commons. "Cacao" originates from the. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 2 Dec 2022), Cerner Multum (updated 7 Dec 2022), ASHP (updated 11 Nov 2022) and others. This edible inhaler, the Chocuhaler, produced a clinical effect when used to administer albuterol.(55). Results predicts anti-cancer activity for cocoa affected by hirsutrin inhibiting EGFR. Subfractions showed strongest antibacterial activity against S. cholerasuis and S. epidermis. (Cacao) Scientific name. Family: Sterculiaceae. It is native to Central and South America. Cacao, a tree whose scientific name is Theobroma Cacao, was named in 1753 by botanist Carl Linnaeus. This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This article treats the cultivation of the cacao plant. The current global production of cocoa beans is estimated at 3,520,000 tonnes while grinding is estimated at 3,678,000 tonnes for year 2008/09. (3, 4). - Extracts and oils in the cybermarket. Cacao's scientific name is Theobroma cacao which translates to 'food for the Gods'. Crude procyanidin and procyanidin-enriched extracts showed an inhibitory effect on G2/M phase of cell cycle, leading to non-apoptotic cell death. Toggle navigation. Fruit has a spindle-shaped Groove vertically, and culminated in the spring. The quality of the data in the update was downgraded from high to moderate due to unexplained heterogeneity among the trials. (15) Mayan merchants used cacao as a luxury good to be traded with the Tainos of Cuba and the Quechua of South America, spreading their love of cacao across Central and South America. (5) Synthetic Beta-PEA at doses of 0.63 to 1.35 mg/day has been reported to cause Parkinson's symptoms through by-passing of presystemic metabolism. In-vivo study in diabetic rats showed significant reduction of plasma glucose. Trees start to produce fruit after five years and can live for over 200 years. Protective Activity of Theobroma cacao L. Phenolic Extract on AML12 and MLP29 Liver Cells by Preventing Apoptosis and Inducing Autophagy / Marco Arlorio et al / J. Agric. Flowers are solitary or fascicled on the trunk and branches; yellowish (Citing and Using a (DOI) Digital Object Identifier), used in the manufacture of confections, toilet Aqueous extract of leaves showed antiplasmodial activity. (17) The polyphenols in chocolate come from the cocoa liquor; therefore, the polyphenol content is highest in cocoa powder, followed by dark chocolate, then milk chocolate, with none in white chocolate.1 However, because polyphenols can be destroyed during processing, some products may actually have a low polyphenol content. - Cultivated for its seeds. Native to lowland rainforests of the Amazon and Orinoco river basins, cacao is grown commercially in the New World tropics as well as western Africa and tropical Asia. Further studies characterizing the polyphenol content of cocoa products and method of measurement are needed.1, 7 In one study, an inverse relationship was demonstrated between cocoa intake and blood pressure, as well as a 15-year cardiovascular and all-cause mortality; the median cocoa intake among users was 2.11 g/day.3, Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in moderate amounts or in amounts used in foods. - Theobromine resembles caffeine in action, with less powerful effects on the central nervous system. - In southwest Nigeria, decoction of bark of Theobroma cacao and leaves of Sorghum bicolor in 250 ml of water taken twice daily for treatment of anemia. Phytochemical screening yielded cardiac glycoside, phenol, tannin, steroid, terpenoid, alkaloid, saponin, and flavonoids. Use of cacao dates back 2000 years to Central and South America, but is native to the Amazon and is still used today as part of their daily staple diet. Short-Term Capacities of Ethanolic Theobroma Cacao Bean Extract to Ameliorate Oxidative Stress, Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats / Paul Chidoka Chikezie / J Invest Biochem. Kakawate . Last updated on Mar 16, 2021. The following drugs may increase the effects of caffeine in cocoa because they decrease the metabolism or clearance of caffeine: cimetidine9 disulfiram64 estrogens65 fluconazole66 mexiletine67 oral contraceptives65 and quinolone antibiotics.68 Cocoa may increase the risk of toxicity or adverse reactions of clozapine because caffeine inhibits clozapine metabolism.69 The cardiac inotropic effects of beta agonists may be increased by the caffeine content of cocoa.64, Use of large amounts of cocoa with monoamine oxidase inhibitors may precipitate a hypertensive crisis because of cocoa's tyramine content.9, Concomitant use of phenylpropanolamine and cocoa may cause an additive increase in blood pressure because of the caffeine content.70 Theoretically, the caffeine in cocoa might inhibit dipyridamole-induced vasodilation.71 Abrupt withdrawal of caffeine-containing cocoa may increase serum lithium levels.72, Caffeine from the ingestion of large amounts of chocolate, along with 2 to 4 caffeinated beverages, was correlated with the appearance of tics in 2 children.73, Patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome who experience reflux esophageal symptoms should eliminate foods that decrease lower esophageal sphincter pressure, such as chocolate and cocoa-containing products, from their diets.74, Cocoa may be allergenic and has caused occupational asthma in confectionery factory workers.75 A high prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms has also been recorded in workers exposed to cocoa.76, Conflicting results were demonstrated when chocolate was tested as an initiator of migraine headaches. (14) Image of chocolate, dark, forest - 162606047 (see constituents above) (55) It wasnt until the plant made its way to Central America that it began to be cultivated, this time by the precursor civilization to the Mayans, the Olmecs, who lived along the Pacific coast of Guatemala. preparation, Study showed that Malaysian cocoa polyphenol extract has a potential Several preclinical studies concluded that dietary polyphenols, in large amounts, can exert a desirable effect. The active group had lower P-selectin expression and lower ADP-induced aggregation and collagen-induced aggregation than did the placebo group. Strain. Scientific Name: Theobroma cacao Family: Malvaceae Common names: Cocoa, cocoa tree, Chocolate Cocoa beans have shown amazing health benefits, therefore, aging, since in its composition containing magnesium, chromium, iron, vitamin C, omega 6 and fiber, besides being very rich in flavonoids, which are chemical compounds found in plants that protect the body from oxidation that . (2) Identity Preferred Scientific Name Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Additionally, the updated meta-analysis conducted by the same authors that included these data showed similar results. Cortez described the preparation and use of a beverage called chocalatl, made of the seeds of T. cacao. insulin mimicking activities. Hypoglycaemic Properties of Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) Polyphenols Extract / A. RUZAIDI , I. AMIN, A.G. NAWALYAH, H. MUHAJIR, M.B.S. (15) Phenolic flavonoids, which are present in red wine and chocolate, may have a role in precipitating migraines.77, 78, 79, In animals, cocoa butter has been shown to be comedogenic; however, this has not been proven in humans.10, Although cocoa is not considered to be toxic in typical confectionery doses, at least 1 report of animal toxicity has been published. Increases observed in circulating nitrite, but not in circulating nitrate, paralleled the observed flow-mediated dilation augmentation. Kakaw is a small evergreen tree with a globose crown, growing The methanol extract showed varying degrees of inhibition, with ZOI between 12 mm to 17 mm on 31 of 41 clinical isolates with MICs of 80 to 90 mg/mL. (3) Control requires timely treatment with copper-containing fungicides and constant removal of infected pods. CACAO POD BORER Scientific name: Conopomorpha cramerella) The Conopomorpha cramerella is a species that is endemic to Southeast Asia and western Pacific archipelago (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia). (11) Lonchocarpus sepium (Jacq.) (2) In an acute and chronic animal study, the administration of cocoa extract reduced overall blood glucose in normal, obese, obese diabetic and diabetic rats. (7) Antioxidative Polyphenols: Study isolated clovamide, deoxyclovamide, quercetin and its glucoside. Agboola* / Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology and Innovation The polyphenol rich content is believed to have contributed to the outcome. The study can be a solid starting point for future in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the molecules and/or test similar substances as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 protease. The hexane partitioned fraction of cocoa leaf showed the highest anticancer activity with IC50 value about 66.7 0.71 g/ml and generated 10 major active compounds with synergistic effect against MCF-7. (53) Theobromine pharmacokinetics were similar in healthy men when measured after 14 days of abstention from all methylxanthines and then after 1 week ingestion of dark chocolate (theobromine 6 mg/kg/day). In Vitro Studies on the Antioxidant Property and Inhibition of -Amylase, -Glucosidase, and Angiotension 1-Converting Enzyme by Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Bean / Ganiyu Oboh, Ayokunle O Ademosun, Kuburat O Longe et al /Pathology Research International, Vol 2014, Article ID 549287 / DOI: 10.1155/2014/549287 (3) Depending on the type of chocolate, a 100 /day of chocolate consumption provides between 0.36-0.83 mg/day of Beta-PEA. (53) Ivory Coast is the leader in cocoa production followed by Ghana and Indonesia. (21) This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Medicinal plants used by traditional practitioners in two selected villages of Ramon Magsaysay, Zamboanga del Sur / Lady Jane G Morilla, Cesar G Demayo / Pharmacophore, 2019; 10(1): pp 84-92 / ISSN: 2229-5402 The mean systolic blood pressure in the highest tertile of cocoa intake was 3.7 mm Hg lower, and the mean diastolic blood pressure was 2.1 mm Hg lower compared with the lowest tertile; 314 men died, 152 of cardiovascular diseases. Anti-Helicobacter pylori / Dried Seeds: Study evaluated the in-vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori properties of n-hexane and methanol extracts of dried seeds of Theobroma cacao in 41 H. pylori isolated from a cross-section of residents and standard H. pylori ATCC 43504 strains. Cacao Pods are these American football shape-inspired fruits and . (45) Theobroma cacao L., the Food of the Gods: A scientific approach beyond myths and claims / N Rusconi, A Conti et al / Pharmacological Research,, Jan 2010; 61(1): pp 5-13 / DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.08.008 Devin is responsible for background work on many of the articles on the site, as well as some science writing. (12) Avoid dosages greater than those found in food because safety and efficacy are unproven. (37) - Seeds yield about 2% theobromine, 40 to 60% solid fat. The Antimalarial Potential of Three Ghanaian Medicinal Plants / Gustav Komlaga, Sandrine Cojean, Mehdi Beniddir A, Rita Dicksona, Pierre Champy, Merlin Lincoln Kwao Mensah, soulaf Suyyagh-Albouz, Jonathan Jato, and Philippe Loiseau M / DOI: 10.21767/2472-0151.10004 Pl. In the Aztec language, the drink was called chocolati. three plants viz. Today, cacao cultivation is spread across the world, yet still Belize- once part of the heart of Mayan civilization- continues to be one of the foremost sources of cacao, with Southern Belize having served as the worlds first source commercial cacao production. Study concludes suggesting large scale, long term, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. (60, 61) Low intakes of magnesium may be responsible for some cardiovascular alterations as well as renal, GI, neurological, and muscular disorders. (61) The Potential of Cocoa Extract as a Hypoglycemic Agent / Chee Beng Jin, Muhajir Hamid, Amin Ismail and Chong Pei Pei / J. Trop. (64) Find this Pin and more on Videos - Medicinal plants (herbs) by Temas de Farmacognosia y plantas medicinales. - Studies have yielded various polyphenolic compounds, viz., simple phenols, benzoquinones, phenolic acids, acetophenones, phenylacetic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, phenylpropenes, coumarines, chromones, naphthoquinones, xanthones, stilbenes, anthraquinones, flavonoids, lignans, and lignins. (84), Because endothelial dysfunction has been observed during hyperglycemia, the effects of flavanol-rich dark chocolate on flow-mediated dilation was investigated in 12 healthy volunteers. Cocoa yields 550 mg of total phenol (GAE) and 566 mg of flavonoids (ECE) compared to green tea with 168.8 mg of total phenol (GAE) and 353 mg of flavonoids (ECE). In India, cocoa plantation is usually seen in the state of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. Native to Colombia and its neighbors, cacao (scientific name Theobroma cacao) has long played a role in the country's history and culture. Criollo cocoa contained high amounts of -limonene, -caryophyllene, -myrcene, -phellandrene, -linalool, and acetic acid. Sources and Suggested Readings longer consume large quantities of such foods, the risk of cardiac and Theobromine is produced commercially from cocoa husks.10, Cocoa butter contains triglyceride fatty acids consisting mainly of oleic (37%), stearic (34%), and palmitic (26%) acids.18 About 75% of the fats are present as monounsaturates.10 Cocoa butter has a high digestibility, similar to that of corn oil, with a digestible energy value of approximately 37 kilojoule/g in humans; therefore, it cannot be considered to be low calorie.20 However, one randomized trial demonstrated that supplementation of chocolate with calcium 0.9% (0.9 g/day) reduced the absorption of cocoa butter, thus reducing the digestible energy value.21, Cocoa is rich in polyphenols that have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease.22 In cocoa, the polyphenols of particular interest are flavanols, a subclass of flavonoids, which are in turn a subclass of polyphenols. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It's not terribly difficult to see why, even . (19) / Oliveira, G.A. Other Species of Same Genera: Product Description: A tall tree reaching a height of 45-50m and a diameter of 90cm. Plants, Vol 13, No 2, Dec 2012 The wood is very hard, heavy, very tough . Cocoa autolysates produced at pH 3/5 showed most active a-amylase inhibitors. The antiproliferative effect suggests a potential anticancer property. one of the bioactive nutrients in cocoa can promote blood vessel relaxation The botanical name or scientific name of cocoa tree is "Theobroma cacao. (49) A similar result also has been shown with cocaine craving. (10) At the same time, it is a crop on which many conservationists and natural resource managers base their hopes for an agriculture industry that not only provides a livelihood for tropical farmers but also helps to conserve biodiversity in the tropical landscape. Research is being done to develop disease-resistant varieties and effective biological control methods for insect pests. Hepatoprotective / Apoptosis Prevention / Autophagy Induction: Study shows that cocoa inhibits drug-triggered liver cytotoxicity and prevents apoptosis by inducing autophagy. Cocoa solid, cocoa butter, and chocolate are all rich sources of antioxidants.2 Epidemiological studies show an inverse association between the consumption of cocoa and the risk of cardiovascular disease.3, 4 The likely . The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Colon Cancer Benefits: Study evaluated cocoa's effect in colon cancer, both in-vivo and in-vitro. (83), A meta-analysis looking specifically at chocolate consumption on heart failure risk identified 5 studies that met eligibility criteria; all were high quality. Results showed the pod husk extract of Theobroma cacao of both variants (yellow and purple) showed good antioxidant activity and antidiabetic activity with IC50 of 41.3 and 44.5 g/mL for DPPH assay, and 41.6 and 27.7 g/mL for -glucosidase inhibitory assay, respectively. (91), Numerous intervention trials have shown that consumption of flavanol-containing cocoa products can improve endothelial function(41, 43, 44, 45, 46) vascular function(44, 47, 48) and insulin sensitivity(47); as well as attenuate platelet reactivity(46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52) and reduce blood pressure. A smaller randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in 140 postmenopausal women reported a significant decrease in pulse pressure (P=0.048) with 6-month consumption of 10 g/day cocoa-rich chocolate (99% cocoa, 26.1 mg/day epicatechin, 14.4 mg/day procyanidin dimer B2) compared to no intervention. Its scientific name comes from the Greek "Theos" which means "God" and "broma" which means "food." This name was coined thus by the botanist Lineo in reference to the importance that this plant had for the native Americans. The most commonly destructive diseases of the cacao tree are pod rots. The cacao tree is native to tropical regions in Central and South America, and its fruit was consumed by pre-Columbian cultures like the Mayans over 4,000 years ago. This plant is a natural insect repellant. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. After four years the mature cacao tree produces fruit in the form of elongated pods; it may yield up to 70 such fruits annually. Cocoa. Gliricidia Sepium is known as Madre de Cacao or Kakawate. (7) MAO Inhibitors: Consumption of cocoa with MAO inhibitors (medications used for depression) might cause increased stimulation, increased heart rate, high blood pressure, nervousness, etc. Log in Sign up. (30) No specific dosing recommendations can be made. (82), A study comparing the effects of dark and white chocolate on flow-mediated dilation found that dark chocolate improved flow-mediated dilation after 2 hours compared with baseline, with the effect lasting about 8 hours. (57) The cocoa tree grows to heights exceeding 8 m. The fruits are borne on the trunk and branches, with the seeds imbedded in a sticky pulp. 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