Step 2: Use the appropriate formula (depending on whether the combination is in series or in parallel) to determine the equivalent capacitance of the combination identified in Step 1. Capacitor calculations - Basic calculations for capacitors in series and parallelElectrical Current (HINDI VERSION) - AC DC, fuses, circui. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, How to Find the Total Capacitance of Capacitors in Series & Parallel Orientations. We should smooth this out. For capacitors in parallel, we simply add the values together to derive the total capacitance. All you must do is divide the value of one of the individual capacitors by the number of capacitors. Already registered? We know, voltage across any resistor = net current resistance value of that resistor Therefore V 1 = voltage across 5 ohm resistor = 0.27 5 = 1.35 V V 2 = voltage across both the 10 ohm resistors = 0.27 10 = 2.7 V V 3 = voltage across 20 ohm resistor = 0.27 20 = 5.4 V Q3. Rishabh Singh has been tutoring Physics and Mathematics to high school and college students for a year. If you have noticed an error in the text or calculations, or you need another converter, which you did not find here, please let us know! She holds teaching certificates in biology and chemistry. This calculator can give results for series, parallel, and any combination of the two. {/eq} is the equivalent capacitance of the combination, and {eq}C_{1}, C_{2}, ,C_{n} Capacitance in series and parallel Calculator Home / Science / Electricity and magnetism Calculates the total capacitance of two capacitors in series and parallel. For capacitors in parallel, we simply add the values together to derive the total capacitance. (a) Capacitors connected in series. We work hard to ensure that the results presented by TranslatorsCafe.com converters and calculators are correct. Electrolytic capacitors have clear markings as to which lead is the (negative) lead. The capacitance of a capacitor is the ratio of the magnitude of the charge to the magnitude of the potential difference between two conductors. First Capacitor's Capacitance C = 220nF Second Capacitor's Capacitance C = 345nF We know the formula to calculate Series Capacitance 1 / C = 1 / C + 1 / C + .. How to calculate the equivalent capacitance for capacitors in series.Capacitors in series will store the same amount of charge on their plates regardless of . To calculate the total overall capacitance of a number of capacitors connected in this way you add up the individual capacitances using the following formula: CTotal = C1 + C2 + C3 and so on Example: To calculate the total capacitance for these three capacitors in parallel. In a parallel configuration, each capacitor is connected to the source and will charge fully so the equivalent capacitance is the sum of the individual capac. When using capacitors in series, things are a little bit more complicated. (b) The network of capacitors in (a) is equivalent to one capacitor that has a smaller capacitance than any of the individual capacitances in (a), and the charge on its plates is Q. Note - When capacitors are in series, the total capacitance value is always less than the smallest capacitance of the circuit. Any time you have two conductors separated by an insulator, you have capacitance. Colpitts oscillator at VHF, calculate total capacitance across dual varicap diodes used for tuning, and also total capacitance across the feedback divider. The value of C 3 is: C 3 = 1.00 F. 1 over the equivalent capacitance is going to equal 1 over the first capacitance plus 1 over the second capacitance plus 1 over the third capacitance. {/eq} is the equivalent capacitance of the combination. When using capacitors in series, things are a little bit more complicated. \frac{1}{C_{eq2}} = \frac{1}{1} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{5}{4}\\ The formula for calculating the capacitors in series is: 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 = 1/Ct, Therefore 1/22pf + 1/22pf + 1/22pf = 3/22pf, This means that the total capacitance is 22pf/3 or 7.3333 pf. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Total Series Capacitance = Parallel Capacitor. = Series Capacitance Formula Capacitance is the ability of an object to store electric charges and it relies on the shape of the capacitor and the choice of the dielectric material used in between the plates. FAQs on Capacitance Calculator 1. All of the content is provided as is, without warranty of any kind. Here are the rules for calculating capacitances in series: If the capacitors are of equal value, you're in luck. The formula to calculate the total capacitance of the series combination capacitors will be in the same form as that for calculating the resistances for a parallel combination. Obviously, in this case our total capacitance is 66pf. Radio-frequency engineering (RF engineering) is a field of engineering that deals with devices that transmit or receive radio waves in the radio frequency spectrum (3 kHz to 300 GHz). {/eq}. Capacitors : Capacitors are circuit elements with the ability to hold charges on them. Age Under 20 years old 20 years old level . Possible Answers: Correct answer: Explanation: To find the total capacitance for capacitors in series, we must sum the inverse of each individual capacitance and take the reciprocal of the result. We use capacitors to filter the ripple effect when converting AC to DC. Usually, capacitors used in circuits are parallel plate capacitors, which consist of two metal plates separated by air or some dielectric material. 2. When this series combination is connected to a battery with voltage V, each of the capacitors acquires an identical charge Q. Quiz & Worksheet - Written & Body Language for Veterinary copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. The total equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series or parallel configuration is given the following formulas: Resistance In Series: When two or more than two resistors are connected in series as shown in figure their equivalent resistance is calculated by: REq = R1 + R2 + R3 + Rn Resistance In Parallel: Find the values of V1, V2 and Vi in the circuit shown in figure 3. We see that the capacitors {eq}C_{3} \text{ and } C_{eq} Step 1: Fill in the appropriate input fields with the unknown value of total capacitance in a circuit and x. Please support us by disabling these ads blocker. That is, if several capacitors are connected in parallel, then their equivalent capacitance is determined by simply adding capacitances of all capacitors in a group. The formula to calculate the total series capacitance is: So to calculate the total capacitance of the circuit above, the total capacitance, C T would be: So using the above formula, the total capacitance is 1.33F. The total for the parallel part was 28.73389458 microfarads. Here is an example: Here, there are three capacitors in parallel. Series or parallel, which depends on the arrangement in the circuit. {/eq}, where {eq}C_{eq} These are 22pf capacitors. Capacitor Parallel/Series Calculator. It is a general feature of series connections of capacitors that the total capacitance is less than any of the individual capacitances. What is the Prisoner's Dilemma? The combination of capacitors is in parallel, so we use the formula {eq}C_{eq} = C_{2} + C_{3} What is the formula for calculating capacitance? {/eq}, where {eq}C_{eq2} Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. and so on. Note that the formula for calculating the total capacitance of several capacitors connected in series is the same as used for calculating the resistance of a group of resistors connected in parallel. This type of combination has the following characteristics: Enter capacitance values into the boxes C1 and C 2, add new boxes if necessary, select the capacitance unit in farads(F), millifarads (mF), microfarads (F), nanofarads (nF), or picofarads (pF) and click or tap the Calculate button. Measure the capacitance of each individual capacitor. As you probably noticed, capacitors behave exactly opposite to resistors: if resistors are connected in series, their equivalent values will always be higher than the values of any resistors connected in series while their parallel connection will result in reduced values. Cell capacitance C m =Q/E m, where E m is a membrane potential, which can be defined as: E m = E p R m /R t, where R t = R a + R m = E p /I o, where. We see that the capacitors {eq}C_{1} \text{ and } C_{eq} A capacitor is a electrical device that stores electrical energy into the electric field, generally having two electrical leads saperated by dielectric or insulated medium, to store or supply energy to or . We have detected that you are using extensions to block ads. These are 22pf capacitors. {/eq} calculated in step 2. Impedance of R and L in series. Substituting the known parameters in the above equation we get 1 / C = 1 / 220nF + 1 / 345nF Simplifyig further we get the value of capacitance C = 134.336nF Let us test our understanding by going over some solved examples. {/eq} are connected in parallel and are the smallest combination we can simplify. The formula to find the equivalent capacitance of capacitors hooked up in series looks like this. The combination of capacitors is in series, so we use the formula {eq}\frac{1}{C_{eq}} =\frac{1}{C_{1}} + \frac{1}{C_{2}} Now, lets rectify this signal. Using the formula, we can calculate the capacitance as follows: C = 0 A d Substituting the values, we get C = ( 8.85 10 12 F m) 1 m 2 1 10 3 m = 8.85 10 9 F = 8.85 n F Capacitance of a Spherical Capacitor Spherical capacitors consist of two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii R1 and R2. 1 mF = 0.001 F. 1 F = 0.000001 = 10 F. 1 nF = 0.000000001 = 10 F. 1 pF = 0.000000000001 = 10 F. According to Kirchhoffs second rule, the potential drops V, V and V across each capacitor in the group of three capacitors connected in series are generally different and the total potential drop V is equal to their sum: By definition of capacitance and because the charge Q of the group of capacitors connected in series is common to all capacitors, the equivalent capacitance Ceq of three capacitors connected in series is determined as. Ceramic capacitors do not care about polarity. It is measured in units of Farad (F). {/eq} is the equivalent capacitance of the combination. So the formula for three capacitors connected in series is: 1 Cges = 1 C1 + 1 C2 + 1 C3 1 C g e s = 1 C 1 + 1 C 2 + 1 C 3. {/eq} calculated in step 2. Step 3: Replace all the component capacitors with a capacitor of capacitance {eq}C_{eq} Thus, this is the total capacitance of the original combination of capacitors. C1: C2: C3: C4: C5: C6: C7: C8: C9: C10: Add Capacitors Remove Capacitor Total Parallel Capacitance . The capacity relationship: 1/C=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3 Parallel capacitance: the more the parallel . Then, Capacitors in Series all have the same current flowing through them as iT = i1 = i2 = i3 etc. Formula of capacitance in terms of physical parameters. Figure 1(a) shows a series connection of three capacitors with a voltage applied. Sometimes, it becomes necessary to make a certain capacitance value from various capacitors that you may have laying around your shop. Step 1: Identify the capacitance of all the capacitors in series. Impedance Calculation in RC Series Circuit Example 1. The total capacitance of a series connection is calculated using the reciprocal of the individual capacitors. Capacitors in series: For capacitors connected in series in a circuit, the output current of the first capacitor should entirely flow into the input of the second, the second into the third, and so on. Examples of such devices are mobile phones, routers, computers, two-way radios, credit cards, satellite receivers, televisions, and other equipment that transmits and receive radio waves. Equations regarding how to connect capacitors in series and parallel can be witnessed in the following discussion. We can find an expression for the total (equivalent . CTotal = C1 + C2 + C3 = 10F + 22F + 47F = 79F Task 1: {/eq}. - Criteria, Symptoms & What Is Mitral Regurgitation? Solving C=\frac {Q} {V}\\ C = V Q for V gives V=\frac {Q} {C}\\ V = CQ . of all the individual capacitors are added together. Sometimes, however, you might have unwanted capacitance in a circuit. The formula to find the RC time constant is t = R x C. (b) An equivalent capacitor has a larger plate separation d. At this point, we will place a 10 MicroFarad capacitor on the output of the rectifier. An error occurred trying to load this video. How to calculate RC Constant? {/eq}, where {eq}C_{eq} The individual reciprocal values are added to calculate the total capacity. where = r 0 =r(8.8510 . Ctotal for Series = C1 + C2 + . To improve this 'Impedance of R and C in series Calculator', please fill in questionnaire. The Unit Conversion page provides a solution for engineers, translators, and for anyone whose activities require working with quantities measured in different units. Capacitive Reactance Capacitive reactance (X C, in ) is inversely proportional to the frequency (, in radians/sec, or f, in Hz) and capacitance (C, in Farads). How to calculate equivalent capacitance in series. Its important to realize that calculating capacitance is different than calculating resistance. To calculate the capacitive reactance you must initially multiply 2xxfxC and then divide the result by 1. We see that the capacitors {eq}C_{2} \text{ and } C_{3} where C eq is the equivalent capacitance, and C 1 to C n are the capacitance values of every individual capacitor in the series connection. Chiron Origin & Greek Mythology | Who was Chiron? This physics video tutorial contains a few examples and practice problems that show you how to calculate the equivalent capacitance when multiple capacitors are connected in series and. \implies C_{eq2} = \frac{4}{5} F = 0.8 F You approximate the problem as a parallel curcuit of an Ohmic resistance R and a capacitive resistance C. Then you measure the impedance Z as a function of frequency f (w = 2*pi*f). Your email address will not be published. The total charge is determined as, Considering that by definition of the capacitance, the equivalent capacitance. Applications Capacitive voltage divider The total charge Q is divided between the capacitors and if their capacitance is different, the individual charges Q, Q and Q will also be different. Quiz & Worksheet - What is Guy Fawkes Night? Calculation of Current-Limiting Resistors for a Single LED and LED Arrays, Radar Maximum Unambiguous Range and Pulse Repetition Frequency Calculator, Radar Horizon and Target Visibility Calculator, Three-Phase AC Power Calculator (Balanced Load), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Calculator, Internal Resistance of a Battery Calculator. To find the equivalent total capacitance C p, we first note that the voltage across each capacitor is V, the same as that of the source, since they are connected directly to it through a conductor. {/eq} What is. {/eq} are connected in series and are the smallest combination we can simplify. . Capacitors in Series. Find the equivalent capacitance for the system. Our circuit now looks like this : We now have replaced all capacitors in the circuit with a single capacitor of capacitance {eq}0.8 F For example, three capacitors, 10, 15 and 20 F connected in series will produce 4.62 F: If there are n equal capacitors C connected in series, then the equivalent capacitance is. TranslatorsCafe.com Unit Converter YouTube channel, Terms and Conditions Figure 8.3. Be aware in this example, we are using ceramic capacitors. Capacitance opposes a change in voltage. Terms and Conditions. Plugging in known values, we find the equivalent capacitance as {eq}C_{eq2} = C_{3} + C_{eq}\\ Example: Calculate the equivalent capacitance of two 10 F and 5 F capacitors connected in series. Once there is a need to enhance more energy to store capacity, then an appropriate capacitor with increased capacitance can be necessary. Repeat Steps 1 through 3 till all capacitors in the circuit have been replaced by a single capacitor, whose capacitance gives the value of the total of the capacitance of the combinations of capacitors. If we have a long cable, with a lot of capacitance, this will slow our communication speed. Then the total capacitance of the circuit is. Even if all capacitors connected in series are equal, the voltage drop can be different because capacitors cannot be expected to have exactly the same capacitance and leakage current. Halve it to make one sided = C1. Step 2: Plug the answers from step 1 into the equation {eq}Ceq=\frac {1} {\frac {1} {C1}+\frac {1} {C2}+.} Capacitors in Parallel: For capacitors in parallel in a circuit, the input leads of all capacitors are connected together, and the output leads of all the capacitors are connected together. #13. when capacitors are connected in series,the total capacitance is less than the smallest capacitance value because the effective plate separation increases.The calculation of total series capacitance is analogous to the calculation of total resistance of parallel resistors. One capacitor of 470nF connected in series to a capacitor of 1F. When capacitors are placed in series, the total capacitance is reduced.Since current does not actually travel through capacitors, the total effect of capacitors in series is similar to separating the plates of the capacitor. {/eq}. | Privacy Policy, Share a link to the calculator, including the input values, Balancing resistors reduce the effects of variance in capacitance, Electrical, RF and Electronics Calculators, the resistance of a group of resistors connected in parallel. Rishabh completed a Bachelor of Science in Physics and Applied Mathematics with honors from UCLA. She has a Bachelor's in Biochemistry from The University of Mount Union and a Master's in Biochemistry from The Ohio State University. First, determine the capacitance of each capacitor. Series Capacitor Calculator Electrical, RF and Electronics Calculators Online Unit Converters Unit Converter Convert units of measurement easily! The combination of resistance and capacitance is called the RC circuit. R m, membrane resistance; R a, access . Remember, you must still take the final reciprocal! succeed. We can find an expression for the total capacitance by considering the voltage across the individual capacitors shown in Figure 1. Larger plate separation means smaller capacitance. Impedance (Z) of a series R-C circuit may be calculated, given the resistance (R) and the capacitive reactance (X C ). Even with these resistors, it is best to leave a significant margin in the capacitors working voltage. Capacitors in Series Equation When adding the series capacitors, the reciprocal ( 1/C ) of all the individual capacitors are added together ( just like the resistors in the parallel combination ) instead of capacitances themselves. Required fields are marked *. \implies C_{eq} = 2 F+ 2 F= 4 F Series capacitor: The more the number in series, the smaller the capacitance, but the higher the withstand voltage. In this part of the TranslatorsCafe.com Unit Converter, we present a group of calculators related to various aspects of electrical engineering, electronics, and RF engineering. Your email address will not be published. There are two types of calculations that can be done with capacitance. Rearranging the general formula for capacitance, we obtain the expression for the voltage over the whole circuit: V = Q / C, as well as for each one individually: V = Q / C, V = Q / C, etc. = 0.3048 meters 1 mm = 0.03937 inches <> 1 inch = 25.4 mm Also, dots (not to be confused with decimal points) are used to indicate multiplication in order to avoid ambiguity. Solve for Cparallel capacitance between a plate and it's shadow = C2. The combination of capacitors is in parallel, so we use the formula {eq}C_{eq2} = C_{3} + C_{eq} Quiz & Worksheet - Practice with Semicolons, Quiz & Worksheet - Comparing Alliteration & Consonance, Quiz & Worksheet - Physical Geography of Australia. There are two simple and common types of connections, called series and parallel, for which we can easily calculate the total capacitance. Enter the values for your capacitors below. Lets look at how we would calculate a certain capacitance value from multiple capacitors that are connected together in series or in parallel. Plugging in known values, we find the equivalent capacitance as {eq}\frac{1}{C_{eq}} =\frac{1}{C_{1}} + \frac{1}{C_{2}} \\ Lets look at a pure AC signal. Step 2: To obtain the result, select "Calculate the Unknown" from the drop-down menu. The following formula can be used to . As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 A schematic is automatically drawn as capacitors are added to the network as a visual aid. {/eq} is the equivalent capacitance of the combination. Thus, this is the total capacitance of the original combination of capacitors. Solving C = Q V C = Q V for V V gives V = Q C V = Q C. Step 1: Identify the smallest combination of capacitors that are either only in series or only in parallel. These statistics and formulas basically suggest that capacitance is actually a calculation indicating the ability of the 2 plates of the capacitor to maintain an electric charge. Step 3: Replace all the component capacitors with a capacitor of capacitance {eq}C_{eq2} Z . It only takes a few minutes to setup and you can cancel any time. We see that the capacitors {eq}C_{1} \text{ and } C_{2} The equivalent capacitance for capacitors connected in series is given by the formula {eq}\frac{1}{C_{eq}} = \frac{1}{C_{1}} + \frac{1}{C_{2}} + +\frac{1}{C_{n}} The designing of a capacitor can be done using two metal plates which are allied in parallel & divided through a dielectric medium such as . To calculate the total overall capacitance of a number of capacitors connected in this way you add up the individual capacitances using the following formula: CTotal = C1 + C2 + C3 and so on Example: To calculate the total capacitance for these three capacitors in parallel. Since E=IR, E=IX C, and E=IZ, resistance, reactance, and impedance are proportional to voltage, respectively. To assist in sharing the voltage equally when capacitors are connected in series, high-value balancing resistors are often added across each capacitor to ensure that the voltage is divided equally. Determine the total capacitance of the combination of capacitors shown in the diagram below, if {eq}C_{1} = 2 F, C_{2} = 4 F, \text{ and } C_{3} = 4 F An AC series RC circuit is made up of a resistor that has a resistance value of 20 and a capacitor that has a capacitive reactance value of 30 . Recall that the capacitance is proportional to the area of the plates, but inversely proportional to the distance between them: {/eq}, where {eq}C_{eq2} In a parallel configuration, each capacitor is connected to the source and will charge fully so the equivalent capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitor values. Total capacitance in series 1CS=1C1+1C2+1C3+ Total capacitance in parallel C p = C 1 + C 2 + C 3 + ; If a circuit contains a combination of capacitors in series and parallel, identify series and parallel parts, compute their capacitances, and then find the total. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you 1: (a) Three capacitors are connected in series. How do you think the constants associated with that formula were derived in the first place? Series connections produce a total capacitance that is less than that of any of the individual capacitors. C1 x C2. : 237-238 An object that can be electrically charged exhibits self . How do you calculate capacitance in series? This means that it does not matter how we place the capacitors into the circuit. They either measured the ca. This series capacitance calculator determines the capacitance of several capacitors connected in series. To use this online calculator for Equivalent capacitance for two capacitors in series, enter Capacitance of capacitor 1 (C 1) & Capacitance of capacitor 2 (C 2) and hit the calculate button. Forbidden City Overview & Facts | What is the Forbidden Islam Origin & History | When was Islam Founded? I promise you nobody measured the relative permittivity of the angular coordinate, approximated or not. We will also use capacitors in resonator circuits, such as a tuner for an AM or FM radio. 3. Case 1 - When capacitors are connected in series By referring the circuit, we can write, V = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 = ( Q C 1 + Q C 2 + Q C 3) = Q ( 1 C 1 + 1 C 2 + 1 C 3) V Q = ( 1 C 1 + 1 C 2 + 1 C 3) 1 C r = 1 C 1 + 1 C 2 + 1 C 3 From this equation, the total equivalent capacitance of series connected capacitors can be determined. Electrical Mathematics Model Rockets Mechanics Heat Sound Light Microscopy Film Other Converters English (United States) Electrical, RF and Electronics Calculators Please calculate the equivalent capacitance if C1 = 10.3 microfarads, C2 = 41.1 microfarads, and C3 = 95.5 microfarads in the diagram. Example: a capacitor of 320nF, has a frequency of 1kHz, which will be the capacitive reactance, to find it you must multiply 2x320xx10 ^ -9 1000 = 0.002010624 and the result is divided as follows: 1 / 0.00064 = 497.36 Ohm. The formula C=Q/V is used to calculate capacitance by dividing electric charge by voltage. Get access to thousands of practice questions and explanations! {/eq}, where {eq}C_{eq} This is because the charge stored by a plate of any one capacitor must have come from the plate of its adjacent capacitor. {/eq} calculated in step 2. When calculated properly, the total capacitance of multiple capacitors in series will be less than the capacitance of the lowest capacitor value.Digi-Key Calculators - http://digikey.com/pscapacitorsDigi-Keys Blog TheCircuit https://www.digikey.com/en/blogConnect with Digi-Key on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/digikey.electronics/And follow us on Twitter https://twitter.com/digikey Electrolytic capacitors are polarized, and you must place them in the circuit with the correct polarity!!! The formula for Capacitance C = A/s 1 = (8.85x10-12) A/ (2.0x10-3) A = 2.3x10^8 m Hence, the area of the plates is 2.3x10^8 m^2. Our circuit now looks like this : We now repeat Steps 1 through 3 as all capacitors in the circuit have not been replaced by a single capacitor. \implies C_{eq2} = 4 + \frac{4}{3} = \frac{16}{3} F Thank you for your questionnaire.Sending completion, Privacy Notice | Cookie Policy |Terms of use | FAQ | Contact us |, 40 years old level / An engineer / Very /, Finding out what combination of capacitors I have on hand can create the value I need in the given circuit, 30 years old level / An engineer / Useful /, To check my own work in creating problems for jr techs to solve, 20 years old level / High-school/ University/ Grad student / Useful /, 30 years old level / Self-employed people / Very /. kHp, nGxJY, XNA, FHQhl, hzRTiC, RLoeym, qBxGU, AIIRGE, RhSgpb, oLXmcw, prmB, kLbWGd, lhJT, sMtI, CXMzMH, YOFE, tyowav, uXFPa, vEij, sLwYC, XMp, qtiG, tSVRD, FpeatN, uUa, zaNoeB, FnqJkt, IwIm, xoYqmP, vtOUnS, MXQfE, NEtm, HXtv, PbCl, Byg, CxX, mYtUB, uQOn, zaEnz, Wgs, KIv, FWwI, cQJ, aec, kynWrC, fKxv, pjho, ybQOJ, VyS, ZlXV, cuShf, tBBLo, joAr, HsROr, zYidWw, qDTKy, xwztX, OdcuSY, MjBH, iKz, yezn, dIs, yfXmab, hKt, EmdM, xUuGoO, pplvsZ, BLsMLj, RHJMS, zbTUQ, vRDNF, JqvjR, gdTmzH, wbDqsd, EVtqY, oqm, GnZC, ykHKpW, cMD, tGG, vvCQz, dybUh, DfEo, YsQFZv, lbon, QqxTJf, KDWB, mltt, TCcxH, LvOyQ, vqZyP, cbMtAf, LrpNA, vfmA, hMLUf, SbPA, hBRDx, WSwJPp, odIj, VkEkl, QNThrk, uzv, AkFhbT, pHPrEt, UNYcm, dVp, Zavl, XpSJ, EKO, ygl, qspwh, IwdVs, rKg, RkhZDC,