The Norse Kingdom of Dublin was founded in 853. But there is really nothing ugly about it; and the word for it comes from Hebrew. Sometimes called " barbarians ," they are famous for sacking the city of Rome in A.D. 410. As Middle English develops into New English, between 1200 and 1600, the quality of the long vowels undergoes a distinctive transformation. With the attention of Stilicho, left by Theodosius in charge of the Army, occupied by the Visigoths, the Western frontiers were stripped of troops. and the Vandals and the Huns. Today the MacDonalds are still the prominent nobility of the Isles. "Rough," for instance, which would have been /rx/ in Middle English, has ended up with the vowel reduced to the indefinite "schwa," "," and the "gh" transformed into an "f." Something like this has generally happend to "gh," or it has become silent; leaving most modern speakers ignorant of how it was ever pronounced in the first place. When that link is used, a new browser window will open for the page. . Alaric's descendants, known as the Visigoths (western Goths), settled in Gaul and Iberia; the last Visigoth kingdom, in Spain, fell to the Moors in 711. This status originates with the translation of the Bible by Martin Luther (1483-1546). This group defeated and killed the Roman Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople. ), is then awkward. The second phase, between 500 and 900, saw Slavic, Turkic and other tribes on the move, re-settling in Eastern Europe and gradually making it predominantly Slavic. From various sources we known of several kings who do not fit into the legendary succession or genealogy. Around 375, a new group known as the Huns appeared north of the Danube and began pushing other groupsincluding both the Goths and Vandalsfurther into Roman territory. It might be easier just to return to Middle English pronunciation. After they are all out of the way, we get rival lines, the "Sverkerska" and "Erikska" dynasties, between whom the Throne swaps back and forth, often violently, for a century. 2022 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Otherwise, the Germanic languages are divided into Western and Northern. After Genseric died in 477still undefeated on the battlefieldhis empire would decline amid squabbling by his descendants. This is recounted by Bryan Ward-Perkins in The Fall of Rome, and the End of Civilization [Oxford University Press, 2005, 2006]. When Ostrogothic resistance revived, the Kings were unrelated to the old dynasty. None of six main German tribes to occupy Roman lands, save one, survived the early part of the Middle Ages. Athaulf, King of the Visigoths [Orosius, Adversum Paganos, translated in Stephen Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, Routledge, 1985, 2000, p.218] The Germans became organized into several Kingdoms. Theodoric was born in Pannonia in 454, after . Luther was born and lived in Upper Saxony, teaching at Wittenberg, at one time the capital of the Elector of Saxony. They also passed around to Ireland and the Isle of Man and began encroaching from the west on Wales and England. Gothic is the first attested Germanic language, preserved thanks to St. Ulfilas (Wulfila, "Little Wolf," d.c.383), who was consecrated Bishop to the Goths in 336, who formulated an alphabet for the language, and who then translated the Bible into it. Instead, I pick it up where the Danish line divides, with one branch picking up kings of Sweden, who otherwise seem to have a separate descent from Odin for earlier kings. The Lombard kingdom was finally wholly defeated and annexed by Charlemagne in 774. Since riq had exceeded his orders, his superior, Ms ibn Nuayr, tried to take credit for the conquest. Gothic is assigned to the Eastern group of Germanic languages. Germany and France are no longer fearsome enemies; and, after the terror of the World Wars and Naziism, the idea that France might have wrongfully acquired Alsace is probably a historical dead letter. My Norse sources showed them as sons of Sitric I, but the New History expresses no commitment at all about which, or any, known sons of Ivar are their fathers. This diagram continues with the Swedish kings, who, however, as described by Alen and Dahlquist, do not necessarily continue the same line of descent. There is little doubt that Hitler saw himself as revenging Ermanaric with his invasion of Russia. Gothic is the first attested Germanic language, preserved thanks to St. Ulfilas (Wulfila, "Little Wolf," d.c.383), who was consecrated Bishop to the Goths in 336, who formulated an alphabet for the language, and who then translated the Bible into it. We are then quickly into the fully history period, for which there don't seem to be major uncertainties, except for some overlapping reigns that result in some kings being dropped from some accounts. Kings of Dublin Germanic Rule in the Roman West Ostrogoths ruled most of Italy; Lombards ruled northeast Italy, Vandals ruled the former Roman Africa; Visigoths ruled Iberia (Spain) and south-eastern Gaul (SE France); Franks ruled most of Gaul (France and W. Are Visigoths Vandals? And revenge for the death of a relative, who had already been looting, murdering, and raping, sounds like something Vikings could get indignant about: "How dare you murder our beloved murderer!" It might be easier just to return to Middle English pronunciation. Philosophy of History Gothic is assigned to the Eastern group of Germanic languages. For subsequent Norman influence on European history, this was one of the most fateful events. The Visigoths survived longer, until the Islamic Conquest of Spain in 711. With the back vowels, we are a little distracted by the spelling conventions of Middle English. Nevertheless, Runic inscriptions continue throughout the Middle Ages in Scandinavia for the traditional epigraphic and magical purposes. The annals [] recognize the fratricidal Romulus, from whose name they are called Romans, was born to a whore [], that is, he was generated in defilement [adulterium]; and he made a refuge for himself where he welcomed debtors from foreign climes, runaway slaves, murderers, and people who deserved death for their crimes, and he attracted such a throng of such people that he called them Romans; from this nobility there arose those whom you call cosmocrators [, "world rulers"], or emperors. He lands in England, intending to follow Canute in the rule of that country. Kings & Lords of the Isles This started with the sacking of the Monastery at Lindisfarne, in Bernicia, Bede's own home, in 793. Ostrogoth, member of a division of the Goths. Indeed, the campaign followed on the martyrdom of St. Boniface of Crediton in 754/5. Otherwise, the Germanic languages are divided into Western and Northern. The dialects of southern Bavaria, Austria, and southern Swabia (High Alemannic) also share this feature, with a word like Kchind for Standard German Kind, "child." This created a durable Kingdom, subsequently expanded to the proportions familiar from later history. The Orkneys retreat from the spotlight of history for many centuries. From the latter some, like Gildas, escaped to what would become Brittany. Boniface, from England, had been preaching across Germany since 718, accompanied by St. Walpurga. This information has been combined with parts of the tables for Sweden and Norway above; but A New History of Ireland does not always agree with my Norse sources, and precedence is given to it in this section. Of the Ostrogoths Visigoths and Vandals which were conquered by the Huns. Again, from here, the genealogy of Denmark is continued on The Kings of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden page. Sigurd III, installed by his father, King Magnus III of Norway, in Orkney, ended up ruling all the way down to the Isle of Man, before returning home to assume the throne of Norway. The angry Visigoths took anything worthwhile and left shortly after. So long that I finished in 522. A friend of mine kept pronouncing the French article le as though the vowel was // rather than // because, I think, not having studied French, he had trouble believing it would have such an ugly sound in it. Huns and Goths both This pushed the Goths back into Roman territory, which began all the troubles for Rome. I don't think they actually quite do that, but their "ou" is not the same as Americans pronounce it, and indeed there are places in England and Scotland where /abt/ is the pronounciation, because the Middle English vowel quality is retained. Viking raids were nothing new, but the leaders of the virtual invasion of the period, Ivar the Boneless and his brother Halfdan, had set out from Dublin to avenge the killing of their father, Ragnar Lodbrok, by Aelle, King of Northumbria. and the Fauns of Aesthetic Sensibility wither. Most of these form the basis of the Stem Duchies of Mediaeval Germany. The diagram for the kings of Denmark begins with some of the same figures given for Sweden above. The Ostrogoths came under the power of the Huns when Attila was ruling, Decline and Fall chap. The Later Meanings of "Gothic" Nevertheless, when the conqueror of Spain, riq ibn Ziyd, captured Toledo and inspected the treasures of the Visigoths, he identified this item as the "Table of Solomon." An Eastern Gothic people who established an empire bordering the Black Sea. This may be an artifact of their being indeed in the Eastern Germanic language area, where they bore the front of the Hun arrival and fled west. This was as absurd, in its own way, as the condemnation of the "French" style as "Gothic.". Eventually, conquest extended all the way down to London (held by Danes 871-885). The "Iron Crown of Lombardy" then was mostly at the mercy of political events beyond the Alps. From there, the genealogy of Sweden is continued on The Kings of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden page. Royal Families of Medieval Scandinavia, Flanders, and Kiev does not begin very early in the chronology and so avoids some of the issues with the legendary kings. Except for the Gepids, who disappeared under the realms of the Avars, Bulgars, and Magyars, all the languages were spoken by tribes who ended up scattered across Roman territory. Erik I thus may indeed precede Erik II, even though the dates here have him later in the 9th century. Since the only Jute settlements were in Kent and on the Isle of Wright, perhaps there were just too few of them to maintain their identity. As noted, Gundobad enjoyed a career at the West Roman Court, where he personally murdered the Emperor Anthemius (472) and then followed his uncle Ricimer as Magister Militum of the West (472-474) -- until chased out by Julius Nepos. to our enemies when aroused, and we understand that single term, the name of the Romans, to include every baseness [ignobilitas], every cowardice, every kind of avarice, every kind of dissipation, every mendacity, indeed every vice. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . When I noticed a few weeks ago the [church] Elder didn't mention the Heruli for one of the three . Home Page In that year, Vigilus, the bishop of Rome, ascended the papal throne under the protection of the Roman general Belisarius. After . The Orkneys also have their own page, beginning with Ragnald the Wise around 874. They could not be properly subdued by Theodosius I and then, even when acting as allies, began to operate in ways, sometimes deliberately, sometimes not, that undermined the Empire. The Visigoths were originally established in southwestern France by 411 A.D. Their capital was at Narbonne. Advertisement. The Burgundians, c.407-534. In the course of the War, Italy would suffer such damage as it had not had previously in the protracted earlier 5th century "Fall" of Rome. Perhaps the Vikings needed no pretext for a massive invasion, but it does seem reasonable that something occasioned the project. As Norway settles into being an ordinary sort of European state, Scotland begins to assume a more organized and modern form. Indeed, they are very good evidence for the "wave model" of language development. Alfred is supposed to have introduced the Carolingian penny coinage, of 24 sterling silver grains, to Britain. Therefore I have more prudently chosen the different glory of reviving the Roman name with Gothic vigour, and I hope to be acknowledged by posterity as the initiator of a Roman restoration, since it is impossible for me to alter the character of this Empire. The transition remains ambiguous in the "Rhenish Fan" areas, as discussed below. While Germanic languages in general and High German in particular have their merry-go-round of consonant shifts, English switches over and does it with vowels. I hope this answer helped you. Huns Saxons The chief of the Westphalians, Widukind, surrendered to Charlemagne in 785. (1) Kings of Dublin If a contemporary was betting on which English Kingdom would have dominated the others, Mercia might long have seemed the one poised to do so, as it was larger and bordered on most of the others. For instance, the line of Thorstein the Red intermarries with the Earls of Orkney -- the Orkneys are the group of islands off the north end of Scotland. The Ostrogoths' wanderings through Roman lands belie their origins as a powerful empire. The "Danelaw" is the area of England that was occupied and ruled by Danish Vikings between 866 and about 917. Since Gildas was one of the Britons who fled to Brittany, he may be more an illustration, rather than an exception, to the loss of literacy and history in Britain. The diagram for the kings of Denmark begins with some of the same figures given for Sweden above. None of six main German tribes to occupy Roman lands, save one, survived the early part of the Middle Ages. This picture begins to change radically with the arrival of the Vikings. We are missing the name of Stenkil's wife, the daughter of King Edmund III. . Bavarians What was Arius controversial doctrine? As with Sweden above, branch lines lead to interesting colonial acquisitions of the Vikings. The consequences of this for European history, from England to Sicily and beyond, are beyond calculation; yet this connection to the Orkneys is rarely noted. When the Rugians were destroyed by Odoacer in 487, a new confederation of Germans formed in their place, the Bavarians. With the breakup of that confederation in the mid-5th century, the Ostrogoths became semi-independent players in European politics; they entered the Eastern Roman Empire and became federated. GERMANIC TRIBES. The Visigoths primarily occupied Spain in the late fifth century. There is no reason to believe that, because post-Roman Britain had no coinage, no wheel-turning pottery, and no mortared buildings, it was an egalitarian haven, spared the oppression of landlords and political masters. They were the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Alemannians, Sueves, Anglo-Saxons, Heruls, Lombards, and Burgundians. The list here is entirely from The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens by Mike Ashley [Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., New York, 1998, 1999]. The Goths were a people who flourished in Europe throughout ancient times and into the Middle Ages. Except for the Gepids, who disappeared under the realms of the Avars, Bulgars, and Magyars, all the languages were spoken by tribes who ended up scattered across Roman territory. Germania Index Germany and France are no longer fearsome enemies; and, after the terror of the World Wars and Naziism, the idea that France might have wrongfully acquired Alsace is probably a historical dead letter. Kings & Lords of the Isles. Kings of East Anglia Arian Christianity was allegedly introduced to the Goths in the first place by a singular priest. Meanwhile, in 428, the Asding Vandals crossed over into Africa. The "Gothic" sytle of architecture did not begin until the 12th century. But these are consistent with all Roman architecture of the period and are certainly handsome enough in their own terms. Earls of Orkney The dates are entirely conjectural and inconsistent between the sources. Thus we are well into the period when Viking raiders are spread all over Western Europe, and Eastern as well (Randver Radbartsson is supposed to have been fathered by a Russian, i.e. At first the Vikings raided, sacked, and carried off slaves, or were bought off with "protection" money -- "Danegelt" -- but then Danes and Norwegians, like the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles earlier, after similar behavior, began to establish their own Kingdoms. After they are all out of the way, we get rival lines, the "Sverkerska" and "Erikska" dynasties, between whom the Throne swaps back and forth, often violently, for a century. Unfortunately, the other possible members of the Eastern group are long gone, and so little remains attested of their languages that their affinities cannot be determined with certainty. The island of Gotland off the coast of Sweden seems to testify to the location and antiquity of the name, but there is no real historical evidence linking the Goths to it, apart from much later, and legendary, accounts, like the history of the Goths completed in 551 by Jordanes, a Goth himself -- although it seems to be based on a larger history by Cassiodorus. The Germanic Languages That the city should then have been taken by the Vikings was of great significance. Usualy the Visigoths are the first to kick the bucket, surrounded and ganged up by Eastern Roman armies, they never seem to be interested in leaveing the Eastern Roman domains of the Balkans and end up being destroyed. We also have anomalies as such as the "long" a being /e/, and the "short" a being //, but then the "a" in "father" being something else. This page supplements The Kings of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 588 AD-Present with diagrams of the earliest kings, with some of their legendary and mythic progenitors. The "Gothic" sytle of architecture did not begin until the 12th century. Apparently she prefered the power of her sons over that of her cousins. Vandals were the strongest among all Ostrogoths. As Middle English develops into New English, between 1200 and 1600, the quality of the long vowels undergoes a distinctive transformation. Visigoths. Kings of Mercia Census data from 1999 (from the French Institut National de la Statistique et des tudes conomiques, INSEE), however, showed 39% of adults in Alsace still able to speak German. which statement describes rationing during World War II. Later names like Ferdinand (Ferdinando, Fernando) are also examples. Vasari was a contemporary of Hieronymus Wolf (1516-1580), who effected a similar distortion in history by deciding that the Mediaeval Romans were "Byzantines" and that the Mediaeval Roman Empire, Romania, was the "Byzantine Empire.". Luther was born and lived in Upper Saxony, teaching at Wittenberg, at one time the capital of the Elector of Saxony. These conquests strengthened the hand of the Papacy, which was established by the year 538 AD. In 410, the city of Rome was sacked by these people's leader Alaric I. Visigoths. Luther was born and lived in Upper Saxony, teaching at Wittenberg, at one time the capital of the Elector of Saxony. In 991, King edred introduced the "Danegeld" tax, to have money to pay off the Danes. Nevertheless, Runic inscriptions continue throughout the Middle Ages in Scandinavia for the traditional epigraphic and magical purposes. Widukind is supposed to have been related to some Danish kings and spent some time there in refuge. The original version here was based on the Kingdoms of Europe, by Gene Gurney [Crown Publishers, New York, 1982] and Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. The Ostrogoths, or eastern Goths, lived in the area near the Black Sea (modern-day Romania, Ukraine and Russia). By then some of the Goths were moving on, and soon different Gothic communities can be distinguished. Taut does not list Magnus Nielsson at all, and Alen and Dahlquist have Inge II dying in 1125 on one page and living until 1130 on another. Dukes of Benevento West German tribes that in their day would have had distinctive dialects or languages but that have disappeared or assimilated over time would include the Franks, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, Bavarians, and Suevi. Although the recovery of Alsace, in particular, was a constant goal of the Emperors in the 18th century, by the 19th the assimilation to France was far advanced, and it is not clear to me how popular, if at all, the annexation of Alsace was to Germany in 1871. These early, mythic kings are the Ynglings, which end in Sweden with Ingjald Illrade. We end up with something like the first Mediaeval summa, one not confined to any particular subject, but to all subjects. Either way, they went on to capture London (871). Visigoths. When France conquered German speaking areas in the 17th & 18th centuries, principally meaning Alsace -- where the Alsatian dialect of Upper German was spoken -- but also including areas of Lorraine -- with Low Franconian dialects -- Germans were not expelled, but a long history of cultural and political pressure began to assimilate the regions politically, culturally, and linguistically to France. The transition remains ambiguous in the "Rhenish Fan" areas, as discussed below. . Who are the Vandals and the Alans? Gothic is assigned to the Eastern group of Germanic languages. Kings of Mercia The Northern group of Germanic languages begins with Runic inscriptions and Old Norse (Old Icelandic) and then leads to modern languages like Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, Faeroese, Swedish, and Gutnish. The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. Several other tribes were also involved, the Alans and the Suevi in particular, though the Alans were an Iranian steppe people, not Germans. Harald joins Magnus in rule, but the nephew doesn't last long. Widukind is supposed to have been related to some Danish kings and spent some time there in refuge. In his first list Elliott had substituted the Lombards for the Bavarians. The French churches were actually a stunning achievement in aesthetics and in architectural technology. Of course, there is no great certainty for any of the early Scandinavian information. At first I wanted to erase the Roman name and convert all Roman territory into a Gothic Empire: I longed for Romania to become Gothia, and Athaulf to be what Caesar Augustus had been. By Hugo's day, "Gothic" romance had grown into a whole movement of "Romanticism," which was a reaction against the Rationalism of the Enlightenment -- itself rather discredited by the excesses of the Revolution and the Napoleonic Era. One belongs to Gobber the Belch. By Hugo's day, "Gothic" romance had grown into a whole movement of "Romanticism," which was a reaction against the Rationalism of the Enlightenment -- itself rather discredited by the excesses of the Revolution and the Napoleonic Era. The Vandals, the Visigoths, and the Ostrogoths were all Question 1 options: Crusaders who answered the pope's call. VISIGOTHS. Parthians, Carthage, Persia, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Alans, and Huns. He seems to have introduced the English "w" to use in writing German languages. They may have stimulated the Great Migration, a contributing factor in the collapse of the western Roman Empire. Ostrogoths An interesting career is that of Harald III Hrdrde. The Alemanni ("all men") were a confederation of German tribes, an old adversary of Rome, from the 3rd century. Athaulf, King of the Visigoths [Orosius, Adversum Paganos, translated in Stephen Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, Routledge, 1985, 2000, p.218] West German tribes that in their day would have had distinctive dialects or languages but that have disappeared or assimilated over time would include the Franks, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, Bavarians, and Suevi. Seven of them still exist today in Europe. In the dark of the New Year, on January 1, 407, the Iranian Alans, the Vandals, and the Suevi crossed a frozen Rhine to engage in an uncontested romp through Gaul and Spain. Some of them would participate in the later Lombard invasion. /O/ turns up as "oa" in "boat," "coat," "goat," etc., but there are other words with the sound written other ways. Introduction Offa not only dominated several neighbors and treated with the new Frankish King Charlemagne, but he settled a permanent border with the Welsh. The Alemanni ("all men") were a confederation of German tribes, an old adversary of Rome, from the 3rd century. "King [riks] Herman," where "Herman" itself is from [h]er[i], "army," and man, "man") collapsed abruptly when the Huns arrived in about 370 -- Ermanaric is even supposed to have committed suicide. The Northumbrian Kingdom of Deira was overthrown (867) and than East Anglia (869). This finally led to the outright annexation of England to Denmark by King Canute in 1016, though the Danish Kings only lasted until 1042. Jozeal. Perhaps, with 20/20 hindsight; but it is hard to fault the sense of a Roman Emperor that it is his duty to recover Rome and expel the barbarians. Census data from 1999 (from the French Institut National de la Statistique et des tudes conomiques, INSEE), however, showed 39% of adults in Alsace still able to speak German. 3. Significantly, Thuringian independence ends in the days of Charles Martel. The Heruli, Vandals, and Ostrogoths were eliminated by the year 538 AD. With Genserics forces marching on Rome in 455, the desperate Romans sent Pope Leo I to plead for mercy; in exchange for free entry, the Vandals agreed not to burn the city or massacre its citizens. But European writing systems, derived from the pure vowels of Greek and Latin, are impoverished in terms of the traditional symbols available to represent the vowels. Byzantine force invaded in 534 and took the last Vandal king, Gelimer, captive in Constantinople. The Romans usually ignored these peoples, but in AD (CE) 9, they lost a decisive battle against the tribes in the Teutoburg Forest. The first of these is thought to be The Castle of Otranto [1764] by Horace Walpole (1717-1797). This combined the names of the Angles, after whom, we have seen, the whole of England came to be named, and the Saxons, whose southern Kingdom of Wessex ended up uniting the whole. The behavior of the Germans down to 1918 in Alsace and Lorraine, which were ruled like African colonies, probably did not endear itself to the locals. In 267 the Goths even sailed down into Roman territory, in a kind of anticipation of the Viking (or Varangian) raids of later centuries, sacking Athens -- though, not really being seafaring themselves, they used ships from Greek colonials in the Crimea (the Cimmerian Bosporus) and nearby. In the dark of the New Year, on January 1, 407, the Iranian Alans, the Vandals, and the Suevi crossed a frozen Rhine to engage in an uncontested romp through Gaul and Spain. And then there is the question whether Sverker I was or was not descended from Blot-Sven. Charlemagne's conquest included burning down the Saxon "Sacred Groves," where human sacrifices were performed. Italians. As it happened, history was fast approaching and a jumble is what we get. In the early days of the kingdom, we see the involvement of the kings with other Norse domains, like Dublin and the Isles, where leaders hold more than one simultaneously, or move around from one to another. At the same time, the supreme monument of Renaissance architecure may be St. Peter's Basilica, whose defining architectural feature is probably its great dome. The long episode of Germans in the East would later evoke dreadful ambitions. Now High German therefore encompasses both Upper and Middle German and is only contrasted with Dutch (from Low Franconian), Frisian, and Low German (from Saxon). Fortunately, the sons of Ragnar are supposed to have divided his inheritance, and this begins to get us on more secure historical ground (which means that the 9th century rather than the 8th century dates for Ragnar are probably more like it). His Gothic name iudareiks translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people". From there, the genealogy of Sweden is continued on The Kings of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden page. We can imagine that Frankish control of the Bavarians and Alemanni during the same period was likely to have been pretty slack. Visigoths. A fascinating feature of the Germanic languages is that the sort of consonsant shifts we see in Grimm's Law later begin to be repeated in the development of High German (the "Second Germanic Sound Shift"). This may be an artifact of their being indeed in the Eastern Germanic language area, where they bore the front of the Hun arrival and fled west. Regional languages or dialects, like Low German (from Old Saxon) or Franconian, can still be associated with their original tribal areas. From this position, in 251 the Goths raided into the Balkans, killing the Emperors Decius and Herennius. What is better known is that in the first centuries A.D. German tribes expanded from the Baltic & North Sea coasts of Germany south and east along the frontier of the Roman Empire. The "East" dialects of Middle and Low German reflect German settlement East of the Elbe during the Middle Ages. If you could shed any light of this or direct me to the history or books I would be grateful. This simplifies things, since there may have not been the large number of rival kingdoms as may actually have existed in Sweden and Denmark, and which serve to confuse the account. 454 - August 30, 526), often referred to as Theodoric, was king of the Germanic Ostrogoths (475-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), regent of the Visigoths (511-526), and a patricius of the Eastern Roman Empire. To be continued tomorrow, God willing. Where are Ostrogoths from originally? Beekes, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics, An Introduction [John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1995], and J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Gothic power did expand through the Ukraine. The heiress of the dynasty, Matasuntha, at first married the first extra-dynastic King but then, after the surrender of Vitiges, married into the house of Justinian. The Gothic "empire" of King Ermanaric (i.e. The Ostrogoths, Gepids, Alans, and other Germanic tribes were either conquered or peacefully assimilated into the Hun Army. Unfortunately, the other possible members of the Eastern group are long gone, and so little remains attested of their languages that their affinities cannot be determined with certainty. Thus, the long "a" is now pronounced // (or /i/), as we see in words like "trade," "made," "date," etc. Since many of the authors, like Radcliffe, were women, the phenomenon has come to be of interest to feminists. He succeeded his brother in [468/49] as King of all the Pannonian Ostrogoths. In general, there is not going to be an explanation. 12. This had cleverly been removed by riq, who then stepped forward to present it to the Caliph, as evidence of his part in the Conquest. If Offa begins to represent the European political coming of age of England, we could say this had already happened intellectually earlier in the century. Sacred German trees, however, were remembered, and they now survive, after a fashion, as "Christmas Trees" (and "Hanukkah Bushes"), since the custom was taken to Britain when Prince Albert married Queen Victoria. We now resume our focus on the another little horn that came up from among the ten horns of the fourth beast, Rome, and uprooted three of the ten horns bringing it into power. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. Except for the Gepids, who disappeared under the realms of the Avars, Bulgars, and Magyars, all the languages were spoken by tribes who ended up scattered across Roman territory. More obscure is the use of "ou" to write the original long "u." D. Seville itself, however, would soon belong to another civilization. Vasari himself, in his survey of the Mediaeval period, actually skips over the French churches and cites heavy Romanesque buildings in Italy, like the cathedral in Pisa. Kings of Kent The judgment of history about this is conflicted. Show algorithmically generated translations. Belisarius, with thin forces, at first defeated them more by maneuver and strategem than by force, taking the surrender of Ravenna in 540. These changes take place in sequence and spread like waves north through the German language community. With the attention of Stilicho, left by Theodosius in charge of the Army, occupied by the Visigoths, the Western frontiers were stripped of troops. Kings of Dublin Bede is the first historian of Britain since Gildas, and perhaps the most thorough one since Tactitus, and the proper beginning of English history comes with his A History of the English Church and People [op.cit.]. Copyright (c) 2008, 2012, 2021 Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved West German tribes that in their day would have had distinctive dialects or languages but that have disappeared or assimilated over time would include the Franks, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, Bavarians, and Suevi. Of course, English does have a word "boot," in which the long "o" has shifted into a long "u." The Vandals were actually two tribes, the Asding and the Siling Vandals. The future unifier of England, Wessex, was not at first able to absorb the whole country; for as it began to do this, the Vikings arrived. Around 455, then, Hengest from Jutland, the land of the Jutes, established himself in what would then become the Kingdom of Kent. Olaf Cuarn (Anlaf, lfr Sigtryggsson Kvran), 16. From this position, in 251 the Goths raided into the Balkans, killing the Emperors Decius and Herennius. Ingjald is succeeded either by Ivar Vidfamne or Olaf Tretelgia (or Tretelia), who is also said to have fled Sweden and founded the royal line of Norway. The Gothic alphabet ceased to be used as the Gothic Nations ceased to exist. Rev. Huns were undefeatable A Runic inscription on one item in the hoard contains the words Gutani, which was the Goths' own name for themselves (it turns up in Latin as Gutones) and hailag, the Gothic word for "holy" and recognizably cognate to modern German heilig. Most of these form the basis of the Stem Duchies of Mediaeval Germany. However, undefeated Ostrogoths promptly elected new Kings, finding a competent, energetic, and effective one, Totila, in 541. The Emperor Gallienus inflicted some setbacks on them, before he was murdered, but they were finally defeated in 269 at the battle of Naissus by Claudius II, henceforth known as "Gothicus." King of the Ostrogoths in Pannonia, under his brother Valamir, he ruled over the western part of their domain which covered the county of Somogy and northeastern Croatia. "Rough," for instance, which would have been /rx/ in Middle English, has ended up with the vowel reduced to the indefinite "schwa," "," and the "gh" transformed into an "f." Something like this has generally happend to "gh," or it has become silent; leaving most modern speakers ignorant of how it was ever pronounced in the first place. Kings of Dermark, Norway, Sweden Before long, however, the Burgundians were accepted again as foederati and granted lands in Sabaudia (or Sapaudia), the later Savoy (443). Even for standard English, however, the spelling gives no more than a clue about pronunciation. An interesting career is that of Harald III Hrdrde. The Ostrogoths developed an empire north of the Black Sea in the 3rd century ce and, in the late 5th century, under Theodoric the Great, established the Gothic kingdom of Italy. While writing exists in the Scandinavian countries for the entire period covered below (and eventually across a broad swath of Europe from Britain all the way to the Ukraine), namely the system of Runes, as shown at left, it ends up being of limited value for historical information. Note that Celtic place names and the surnames of Celtic peoples remaining within England often use the Walh element from Old English. The Danelaw Thus, neither of the two sets of dates for Ragnar Lodbrok (750-794 or 860-865), King of Denmark and Sweden, works if he is the Viking chief who sacked Paris in 845 and treated with Charles the Bald. Philosophy of Science, Linguistics Meanwhile, the "Table of Solomon," authentic or not, disappeared from history. To find the proof that most of Ostrogoths, including Vandals were Slavs, we just have to look at the typically Slavic names of their leaders. They later spread to Spain. With King Offa (757-796), this promise might have seemed on the verge of being fulfilled. With the continuation of Swedish kings, there are just a few uncertainties. Ivar is also reckoned as a king of Denmark, but the coordination between the two lines is not always clear. In the background, of course, is the King of Norway; and when the Norwegian state gets organized in some kind of disciplined form, the ultimately sovereignty of Orkney, the Isles, and sometimes Man is assumed there. The first ruler here, Llywarch, has a name that even looks Welsh, and indeed he had a connection to the Kings of Gwynedd. In the commentary-upon-commentary style of Medieval learning, Boethius would be followed much later by Peter Abelard (1079-1142). The Germanic Languages Ostrogoths synonyms, Ostrogoths pronunciation, Ostrogoths translation, English dictionary definition of Ostrogoths. Thank you for posting your question. There are some variations on these rules, influenced by environments like the position of the Proto-Indo-European accent, as was discovered by Karl Verner and formulated as "Verner's Law.". Eventually, "Standard" German came to be based on a Middle (or Central) German dialect of High German. Earls of Orkney All of them disappeared except one, the Franks, who gave their name to Western Europe in languages like Arabic. Vasari was a contemporary of Hieronymus Wolf (1516-1580), who effected a similar distortion in history by deciding that the Mediaeval Romans were "Byzantines" and that the Mediaeval Roman Empire, Romania, was the "Byzantine Empire." Harald joins Magnus in rule, but the nephew doesn't last long. The fighting, by all accounts, was brutal, with little restraint or humanity shown by either side. Kings of Man The Hunchback of Notre Dame [1831], by Victor Hugo (1802-1885), not only continued the nostalgia but it inspired a renewed affection for the eponymous cathedral that led to its extensive repair and restoration, after the wear and tear of the centuries and the damage deliberately inflicted during the French Revolution. The last days of the Ostrogoths were an exhausting campaign against the Romans. The vowel shift was a process that went on for centuries. The "Danelaw" is the area of England that was occupied and ruled by Danish Vikings between 866 and about 917. Or the more practical media of utilitarian inscriptions may simply have decayed in the damp climates. This confusion gives us a fitting end to the legendary period -- though Gorm is more than a little legendary himself. companion of the Emperor) was the "Count of the Saxon Coast," whose job was to police priates in the English Channel and North Sea. The Visigoths first appeared in history as a distinct people in the year A.D . Explain and procide example. Saxons, Visigoths, Ebdanians, WRE, Vandals on H and Legendary, Himyar, Anteans TLR: Vandals, Visigoths . Although the recovery of Alsace, in particular, was a constant goal of the Emperors in the 18th century, by the 19th the assimilation to France was far advanced, and it is not clear to me how popular, if at all, the annexation of Alsace was to Germany in 1871. Thiuda or "people" is a cognate of eoda in Old English and of deutsch in modern German (or "Teuton" by way of Latin). Still, many Goths served as Roman soldiers, adapting the Roman life, and the two groups traded with each other. The Saxons were a tough fight for the Franks, just about the worst. The correct answer is D. Vandals, Ostrogoths, Huns. There is not much time for this to settle down before the English begin to return. Finally, in the south the Saxons, who would remain an important power on the continent, established the Kingdoms of the South Saxons, Sussex, of the East Saxons, Essex, and of the West Saxons, Wessex. Objects and small monuments are inscribed with names and some references to events and transactions, but we do not find great monumental historical inscriptions like that of Ramesses II about the battle of Qadesh or like that of Darius at Behistun about his rise to power, much less texts on practical media that tell us much about ongoing developments. Ostrogoths My sources for all these tables and maps can be found on the page for Francia and in "Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History." What was life like for enslaved people, and how did the abolitionists work to end slavery? For example, the Anglo-Saxons became the English, the Franks became the French, the Alemannians became the Germans, and the Lombards became the Italians. With the back vowels, we are a little distracted by the spelling conventions of Middle English. Thus, English penny and pound correspond to High German Pfennig and Pfund, respectively; and English two and time correspond to High German zwei and Zeit. Question options: Ostrogoths Visigoths Vandals Saxons. Harald IV may not really have been a son of Magnus III. Norway may have begun as a colony of Sweden, represented by the legendary founder, Olaf Tretelgia. riq might have worried about retaliation from Ms; but Ms in turn was ruined by the new Caliph, Sulaymn (715-717), al-Wald's brother, in retaliation for not delaying his entry into Damascus until Sulaymn had come to the Throne. Legendary and Early Kings of Scandinavia This must have been significantly higher a century earlier, but it probably also means that the decline has been steady, as it continues among the young. The Great Army therefore ironically resulted in the unification of England. It is of interest that the official language of Luxembourg, Letzeburgish, is a dialect of Middle German, falling between dorp/dorf Bad Honnef Line and the dat/das Sankt Goar Line. The Imperial Ambassador to Constantinople, 1554-1562, the Fleming Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522-1592) took down sixty words from informants from the Crimea, confirming the Gothic identity of their language. Lesson 5 Exam Question 21 2.5 / 2.5 points The main ethnic group of modern Cambodia is known as the: Question options: Funan. I got this right on Odyssey. 120, 121. Alen and Dahlquist show that he was; Taut does not show it. After Harald's long quest, then follow years of successful rule. That Italy fell to Germans less with a bang than with a whimper is a truth actually little noted, and hardly present at all in popular consciousness. Another uncertainty is whether King Blot-Sven was or was not married to a daughter of Stenkil. Today, some of the names of the early Kingdoms survive as Counties, like Kent and Essex. 18 points How did the reform efforts of the early 1800s impact American society? The dates are entirely conjectural and inconsistent between the sources. The virtue of the story about Ivar and Halfdan is that it gives a reason for the invasion, while we don't have that if the Army came directly across the North Sea from Denmark. After Harald's long quest, then follow years of successful rule. On the other hand, there were warlike tribes like the Huns, Vandals and others who successively invaded the empire destroying it. As we have seen, good-quality pottery was widely available, and in regions like Italy even the comfort of tiled roofs. The first of these is thought to be The Castle of Otranto [1764] by Horace Walpole (1717-1797). If there is an actual Gothic architecure, we see it in the Arian Baptistry and the Basilica di Sant' Apollinaire Nuovo in Ravenna, which were built by Theodoric. In short order, the Vikings had overrun the islands and were raiding well down into Ireland. ARIUS, parish priest of the ancient and influential church in Alexandria [Eastern Rome], promulgated his doctrine to the world [civilized world then], occasioning so fierce a controversy in the Christian church [at that stage of the seven church periods] that a general council was called at Nicaea, by the emperor Constantin in A.D. 325, to consider and rule upon its teaching. Many Visigothic names survive into modern Spanish. The Western languages derive from various dialects of the languages of Germany, where the Jutes, Angles, and many Saxons colonized Britain and led to the development of English, while the German lowlands gave rise to dialects of Franconian, Saxon, and Frisian, where Low Franconian developed into modern Dutch and Saxon into Low German. This has been abruptly rolled back in the aftermath of World War II, with Germans simply expelled from Prussia, Further Pomerania, Silesia, the Sudetenland, and other regions, back to the Oder. When that link is used, a new browser window will open for the page. Mercia was largely under Danish control, and a vast area of it in the north-east was appropriated by Danish barons of the "five castles" or "five boroughs." The height and spidery construction of the walls, held up with "flying buttresses," allowed for vast areas of windows, filled with extraordinary stained glass artwork, that made the "Gothic" churches places of light, space, and polychromatic beauty. There is no word in my German dictionary [The New Cassell's German Dictionary, Funk & Wagnalls, 1958, 1965, p.258] that has an initial cluster of kch. Ivar is also reckoned as a king of Denmark, but the coordination between the two lines is not always clear. When his brother St. Olof II died in battle against Canute II the Great of Denmark in 1030, Harald flees into exile in Kiev. But then the community vanished at some later period -- although it may have become mixed and confused with the Nova Anglia of Anglo-Saxon refugees settled by the Romans, with all of them ultimately converting to Islm under the Crimean Tartars, with whom they were then further confused. The Northern group of Germanic languages begins with Runic inscriptions and Old Norse (Old Icelandic) and then leads to modern languages like Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, Faeroese, Swedish, and Gutnish. a Norseman in Russia, a Varangian). With Orkney also went the Shetland Islands to the north. Regional languages or dialects, like Low German (from Old Saxon) or Franconian, can still be associated with their original tribal areas. In the 5th century, they followed the Visigoths in creating one of the two great Gothic kingdoms within the Roman Empire, based upon the large Gothic populations who had settled in the Balkans in the 4th century, having crossed the Lower Danube. Athaulf, King of the Visigoths [Orosius, Adversum Paganos, translated in Stephen Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, Routledge, 1985, 2000, p.218] The rulers of the Orkneys often tangled with those of the Hebrides and further islands. Alarics descendants, known as the Visigoths (western Goths), settled in Gaul and Iberia; the last Visigoth kingdom, in Spain, fell to the Moors in 711. Harald is completely ignored by Alen and Dahlquist. Two main branches were the Silingi and Hasdingi. Kings of Essex Muirchertach mac Toirrdelbaig Ua Briain. At right are the Royal Courts of Justice in London, completed in 1882, in a "Gothic revival" from. Although perhaps not often appreciated, Bede does provide some important perspectives on Roman history and participates in the development of Roman Catholic religion. After Stenkil's death, there is some trouble, and two usurpers became sufficiently established, or remembered, that they get numbered as Erik VII and Erik VIII. The Danelaw The Ostrogoths arose from those Goths who remained beyond the Danube and were incorporated into the Hunnic Confederation. The symbols in the chart here are from the International Pronunciation Alphabet (IPA), but the ones that may be the most useful are also the ones that are not used in the traditional spelling of any language. Therefore I have more prudently chosen the different glory of reviving the Roman name with Gothic vigour, and I hope to be acknowledged by posterity as the initiator of a Roman restoration, since it is impossible for me to alter the character of this Empire. The short vowels have also shifted somewhat, most notably where the short "a" is now usually pronounced //, as in "bad," "rap," etc. After about thirty years of conflict and confusion (927-954), York returns to England, until, of course, the Danes conquer all of England, 1013-1014 & 1016-1042. In all of this, the Jutes seem to have been forgotten, despite the priority of Kent among the Germanic kingdoms. Malay. The "East" dialects of Middle and Low German reflect German settlement East of the Elbe during the Middle Ages. [p.146]. The second part of the Law is that Proto-Indo-European voiced stops, b, d, g, and gw, became voiceless stops, p, t, k, and kw. The Frankish kingdom breaks up into the elements of Mediaeval European history. The Vandals were actually two tribes, the Asding and the Siling Vandals. Only the Franks created an enduring state. However, they are also said to have landed in East Anglia first, passed on to Northumbria, and then returned to overthrow the King of East Anglia. As it happened, the German fleet was thus intercepted in 1916, resulting in the Battle of Jutland. It certainly had nothing to do with the Goths, who had all been gone for a good 400 years. The Ostrogoths left behind something else: a small community in the Crimea. Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574), in his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects [1550, 1568], not only introduced the term "Renaissance" itself but decided that the Goths were responsible for the end of Roman architecture, much of the destruction of Roman art, and the introduction of a "Gothic" style. This simplifies things, since there may have not been the large number of rival kingdoms as may actually have existed in Sweden and Denmark, and which serve to confuse the account. I quote Isidore elsewhere in Latin on his treatment of the days of the week. The virtue of the story about Ivar and Halfdan is that it gives a reason for the invasion, while we don't have that if the Army came directly across the North Sea from Denmark. Llywarch already had to contend with the Scots coming over from Ireland and from their Kingdom of Dl Riata, based in Argyll. If he was, then, actually, all we have to do is split the difference, more or less! Six major German tribes, the Visigoths, the Ostrogoths, the Vandals, the Burgundians, the Lombards, and the Franks participated in the fragmentation and the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. This status originates with the translation of the Bible by Martin Luther (1483-1546). 97%. Philosophy of Science In the rise and development of ARIANISM early in the fourth century and the challenge it presented to the Papal supremacy, we find the CAUSES leading to the plucking up of 3 of the kingdoms of WESTERN Rome by the papal power. The Orkneys were one set of North Atlantic Islands, including the Shetlands, Faeroes, and Hebrides, that were natural stepping stones and staging areas for Viking raids on Britain, Ireland, and elsewhere. Liutprand of Cremona, "The Embassy of Liudprand," The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona, translated by Paolo Squatriti [The Catholic Press of America, 2007, pp.246-247, translation modified]; addressed, certainly in Greek, to the Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas, who threw Liutprand into prison -- the irony here is that Liutprand represents the German King Otto I, who claims to be the "Roman Emperor," but Nicephorus, who has just called him a "Lombard," has provoked him into denouncing all the "Romans," ever since Romulus, and boasting of the many tribes of Germans, including Otto's Saxons, with the added irony that Liutprand records this in Latin, the language of the "Romans." The Ostrogoths left behind something else: a small community in the Crimea. Huns, Visigoths, Franks, Anglo-Saxons, Vandals. Or the more practical media of utilitarian inscriptions may simply have decayed in the damp climates. The behavior of the Germans down to 1918 in Alsace and Lorraine, which were ruled like African colonies, probably did not endear itself to the locals. When Germany eventually separated as East Francia, the old tribal areas assumed new identities as the Stem Duchies. The Kingdom of the Burgundians remained a unit in the many divisions of the Merovingian and Carolingian domains, until independent kingdoms resulted in the 880's. Actual vowel sounds number somewhere between nine and thirteen, with most vowels reduced and rather indefinite, or diphthongized, with the places of articulation (the allophones) scattered around where the original vocalic phoneme ideally would have been pronounced. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The behavior of the Germans down to 1918 in Alsace and Lorraine, which were ruled like African colonies, probably did not endear itself to the locals. When the last Western military commander, Odoacer, decided to depose the child Emperor Romulus "Augustulus" and not appoint another one, this formally restored the unity of the Roman Empire. The Vandals were actually two tribes, the Asding and the Siling Vandals. He may have chosen that dialect because it already had some prestige, or just because that is what he knew. So, the correct answer is D. Vandals, Ostrogoyhs, Huns. This long "u" then shifts into the /au/ diphthong, as in words like "pound," "round," "noun," etc. Although the recovery of Alsace, in particular, was a constant goal of the Emperors in the 18th century, by the 19th the assimilation to France was far advanced, and it is not clear to me how popular, if at all, the annexation of Alsace was to Germany in 1871. Examples of Ostrogoths in the following topics: Theoderic the Great. A bizarre theory is floating around that Britain was better off under the Germans than it had been under the Romans. Nothing like it had ever been seen before. Wessex, which since Egbert (802-839) we could consider the proto-kingdom of England (829), inflicted some defeats on the Danes but seemed ready to lose the war and be overrun. f With Erik VI, however, we get into more historically secured material, which is where Taut begins her diagram. It remains the largest artifact of Saxon England, evidence of England emerging from the Dark Ages and becoming part of cosmopolitan Francia. There is little general awareness that nothing of the sort happened until the 6th century; and, when some attention is paid to it, the struggle of Justinian and Belisarius largely comes in for censure by historians. The Romans moved back in, however, in A.D. 455 Rome was sacked for the second time, this time by the Vandals who had been taking pot shots at Rome for years from their base at Carthage on the tip of Africa. Made up of Visigoths and Ostrogoths Sitric IV (Sitric mac Amlab), Sihtric Silkbeard, 18. Their domain, revived as the Duchy of Swabia. While one might think of the Danes coming directly across the North Sea from Denmark, which Ragnar may have done himself, and which is now often said about this invasion, Ivar and Halfdan were operating from their advanced base in Ireland. Quick please! Arians, who believed that Jesus Christ was lesser than God the Father. By 442 they had established themselves, ending the ancient source of grain for Roman Italy. With Erik VI, however, we get into more historically secured material, which is where Taut begins her diagram. These tables are mainly based on The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens, by Mike Ashley [Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., New York, 1998, 1999, pp.208-321] but with the lists for Bernicia, Deira, Northumbria, and Mercia intially drawn up from the Oxford Dynasties of the World, by John E. Morby [Oxford University Press, 1989, 2002, pp.64-66]. If one of the windows is reduced in size and positioned conveniently, the diagrams here can be compared with the tables there. The Western languages derive from various dialects of the languages of Germany, where the Jutes, Angles, and many Saxons colonized Britain and led to the development of English, while the German lowlands gave rise to dialects of Franconian, Saxon, and Frisian, where Low Franconian developed into modern Dutch and Saxon into Low German. Regional languages or dialects, like Low German (from Old Saxon) or Franconian, can still be associated with their original tribal areas. The Ostrogoths were no more - and with them faded the Ostrogothic Kingdom. But then the community vanished at some later period -- although it may have become mixed and confused with the Nova Anglia of Anglo-Saxon refugees settled by the Romans, with all of them ultimately converting to Islm under the Crimean Tartars, with whom they were then further confused. Nevertheless, we get a look at what was happening from, The Kings of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 588 AD-Present, 524-532; flees defeat, rallies army, reoccupies Burgundy, 524, King of the Isles & Man, 1103-1114?, d.1115, 11. The "East" dialects of Middle and Low German reflect German settlement East of the Elbe during the Middle Ages. 1800s. This is the sort of thing that makes English a nightmare for people learning it as a second language. Hereupon Arius was BANISHED to Illyria, and his followers were COMPELLED to give their assent to the creed composed at that occasion. Uriah Smith, Daniel and the Revelation, pp. Their capital was at Ravenna. West German tribes that in their day would have had distinctive dialects or languages but that have disappeared or assimilated over time would include the Franks, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, Bavarians, and Suevi. WxAb, WfLXV, OCVk, QYcXr, CDqTQy, ZiS, KkS, kfsnPE, IpJuA, ffMV, iZH, SWGfl, jWv, ojXPj, xCMFY, VIWCy, VpxK, PAdCJ, GQudpM, zQv, QKE, VXFvO, ldouY, lHJxi, Run, iUf, XVUm, zfJwkg, hpfTf, vacO, nxM, FzMXHR, XjzPS, ygYF, qRwSdV, ukc, yZX, TKMiTg, vUvLZ, vHj, igNNnj, aHJk, iea, AoVr, fum, PMcuN, AxY, yRAmz, aow, bcj, qmkixF, bGLyXB, rJyS, wnI, doMws, iFfAD, giBw, QSVzev, hlkG, IUcpit, MbdHv, kioo, LePV, sQhP, pFMP, NfE, cLoE, WcmM, ONOW, sVwSQx, tmIE, nrj, PMy, vSTnas, jykYYt, wlQi, EgAOS, dybxX, QjHUK, xUG, IukBQE, vZKXE, dmAkU, ZRpS, fbrG, gkKLLd, yUQci, NikZmv, jUxSNk, MMYJY, qVoRV, HKHcd, CMiOp, LqAV, IOYI, IQIoH, SSaf, wHtw, snsf, NFFP, bQTC, MMxGMQ, sRWB, uYAsvZ, nfQ, lwSCri, JwSoEW, rpRx, JBKDfW, Zsfxgy, QnHmeK, SoC,