[43][75][76][78] Subsequently, Bolton berated the analyst, unsuccessfully sought to fire him, began to exclude the analyst's supervisor from meetings, and tried to transfer the analyst to a different office. Lloyd Alexander's The Chronicles of Prydain (1964-1968) was set in a fictionalized version of medieval Britain. We can see the overall relationship between education improvements and child mortality in the chart. [74][75] Featured in colour on the front cover was its most recognisable story, "Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future", created with meticulous attention to detail. Menzies supported British foreign policy, including appeasement, and was initially reticent about the prospect of going to war with Germany. [162][163][164], In 2018, Bolton requested that the Pentagon provide the White House with options for military strikes against Iran. [3]:832833 The first Chinese children's writer was Sun Yuxiu, an editor of Commercial Press, whose story The Kingdom Without a Cat was written in the language of the time instead of the classical style used previously. "[99] The committee's top Democrat, Joe Biden, compared sending Bolton to the UN to sending a "bull into a china shop," and expressed "grave concern" about Bolton's "diplomatic temperament" and his record: "In my judgment, your judgment about how to deal with the emerging threats have not been particularly useful," Biden said. At the end of the Victorian era and leading into the Edwardian era, Beatrix Potter was an author and illustrator best known for her children's books, which featured animal characters. Kangaroo mother care to prevent neonatal deaths due to preterm birth complications. Global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus hospitalisations among children under 5 years of age, 200816: findings from the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. The Lancet Global Health7.7 (2019): e893-e903. Hoo, A. F., Henschen, M., Dezateux, C., Costeloe, K., & Stocks, J. [35], Menzies went on to say that if Hitler's expansionist "policy were allowed to go unchecked there could be no security in Europe and there could be no just peace for the world". But the rest of the world has also seen dramatic improvements. The Economist called Bolton "the most controversial ambassador ever sent by America to the United Nations." By clicking on any country in this map you see the change over time. His uncle Hugh was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1902, followed by his father in 1911, while another uncle, Sydney Sampson, was elected to the federal Australian House of Representatives in 1906. He was especially worried about the military threat from Japan. Here we see a dramatic decline in deaths from several causes: lower respiratory infections (pneumonia); preterm birth complications; and diarrheal diseases saw dramatic declines globally in recent decades. [273][274], On January 3, 2020, the high-level Iranian General, Qasem Soleimani, was killed in a U.S. drone strike, which considerably heightened the existing tensions between the two countries. [citation needed] He strongly supported the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government in London, and sincerely believed that war could and should be avoided at all costs. From 2000 to 2015 the number of malaria deaths fell by almost 40%, from 896,000 deaths per year to 562,000, according to the World Health Organization.67. Menzies sent Australian troops to the Korean War. In The Lancet, 394(10195), 322331. [159] In The Children's Culture Reader, scholar Henry Jenkins references Herbert R. Kohl's essay "Should We Burn Babar?" [3]:770 According to Ben Hellman in the International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, "war was to occupy a prominent place in juvenile reading, partly compensating for the lack of adventure stories", during the Soviet Period. Munos, M. K., Walker, C. L. F., & Black, R. E. (2010). Some of the most important research in global development asks the question where donations can do the most good. [184][185][186] A 51-vote majority would be required from the Senate in order to obtain the subpoena. And shown with the red marks you see different estimates of the share that never reached adulthood what we here refer to as the youth mortality rate. How to Teach Phonemic Awareness. You can find a more in-depth look at the global burden of HIV/AIDS in our entry on the topic here. Menzies's farewell press conference was the first political press conference telecast live in Australia. He served as the 25th United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 2005 to 2006, and as the 26th United States National Security Advisor from 2018 to 2019. [55] At the same time as strengthening the alliance with the United States, Menzies and Spender were committed to Australia being on 'good neighbour terms' with the countries of South and South East Asia. Boys are also at higher risk of infectious diseases such as syphilis. MEK has opposed the Iranian theocratic state since shortly after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. We must do better. And when a disease cant be prevented, we can also treat children with interventions, such as oral rehydration therapy.74. Just how ambitious the child mortality goal is becomes clear when you see it in historical context: The scenario called US path shows what would happen to the global child mortality rate if it would follow the decline of child mortality in the US when the US had a mortality rate of 4.5% (in 1946). The diseases many children die from are preventable we therefore know that we can continue this reduction of child mortality, if we choose to do so. 114 A more educated female population is strongly associated with lower rates of child mortality as well as both human and economic development. Estimation of daily risk of neonatal death, including the day of birth, in 186 countries in 2013: a vital-registration and modelling-based study.The Lancet Global health, 2(11), e635-e644. [95] Since its independence in 1960, Nigeria has witnessed a rise in the production of children's literature by its people,[96] the past three decades contributing the most to the genre. But we also know that we can do better. We associated him with this pride. We know that it is possible to change the world. In 1928, Menzies entered state parliament as a member of the Victorian Legislative Council from East Yarra Province, representing the Nationalist Party of Australia. [222] The book was released on June 23. A selection of these talks was edited into a book bearing the title of his most famous address, The Forgotten People, delivered on 22 May 1942. John Bolton: A Stark Choice Between European Model Or the American Way", "John Bolton: The Conservative Hawk Tapped by Trump", "Brexit Victory is a True Populist Revolt", "Trump adviser Bolton says British establishment failing on Brexit", "Former U.S. What this data tells us is when countries make progress against child mortality, the share of child deaths in the earliest stages of life increases. Good evidence here is much harder to come by. study, which provides estimates by sex on the y-axis I have plotted mortality rates in boys, and on the x-axis for girls. However, by September 1939 the unfolding crisis in Europe changed his public stance that the diplomatic efforts by Chamberlain and other leaders to broker a peace agreement had failed, and that war was now an inevitability. "[106], On April 20, it emerged that Melody Townsel, a former USAID contractor, had reported to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that Bolton had used inflammatory language and thrown objects in the course of her work activities in Moscow. Oxygen therapy for children: a manual for health workers. [23] He was in a key role during initial negotiations but his role became limited over time. Starting in 1958, Michael Bond published more than twenty humorous stories about Paddington Bear.[52]. [1] He was the fourth of five children born to Kate (ne Sampson) and James Menzies; he had two elder brothers, an elder sister, and a younger brother. Here we see that childhood undernutrition, especially so called child wasting (children who have a weight too low for their height), is the biggest risk factor for pneumonia in children.29 It contributed to 53% of pneumonia deaths in 2017. For the orange line referring todata from 1950-60 we see that close to 70% of the world population have a child mortality rate of higher than 10% back then. We don't intend to put lipstick on a caterpillar and call it a success. Achieving it, however, is tremendously important it would spare millions of families one of the most horrible tragedies anyone can imagine. While fighting in the trenches for the British Army in World War I, Hugh Lofting created the character of Doctor Dolittle, who appears in a series of twelve books. Resulting in a new age of books which put a "gloss" on imperialism and its teachings at the time. Two Words: John Bolton", "John Bolton back on the job, as President Trump weighs Syria options", "I am pleased to announce that, effective 4/9/18, @AmbJohnBolton will be my new National Security Advisor. [3]:812 Other popular Gujarati children's authors were Ramanlal Soni and Jivram Joshi. One of the most distinguished writers is Pandit Krushna Chandra Kar in Oriya literature, who wrote many good books for children, including Pari Raija, Kuhuka Raija, Panchatantra, and Adi Jugara Galpa Mala. To confirm Mr. Bolton to the position of U.N. ambassador would fly in the face of the clear consensus of the country that a new direction is called for."[125]. A., Rao, P. C., Cao, J., Zimsen, S. R., & Adetifa, I. M. O. [46] Children's mass paperback books were first released in England in 1940 under the Puffin Books imprint, and their lower prices helped make book buying possible for children during World War II. Although boys are, on average, heavier than girls at birth, they are less physiologically mature at birth. "[147] Bolton was seen at the White House on the evening of March 6, 2018, presumably to be interviewed as a candidate for national security adviser. [151], On April 10, 2018, Homeland Security Advisor Tom Bossert resigned at Bolton's request,[152][153] and Bolton said he was considering a merger of the NSC with the Homeland Security Council. The death rate from diarrheal diseases in many of the poorest countries is higher than 100 annual deaths per 100,000 children. Dick King-Smith's novels include The Sheep-Pig (1984). In the 1930s he began publishing his Swallows and Amazons series of children's books about the school-holiday adventures of children, mostly in the English Lake District and the Norfolk Broads. The earliest books were used as tools to instill self-control in children and preach a life of morality in Puritan society. This is yet another reason why pneumonia is a disease of poverty: in 2015, 47% of children in low and middle-income countries were living in overcrowded households.34. 109-1 The Nomination of John R. Bolton to be U.S. Representative to the United Nations with Rank of Ambassador and U.S. Representative to the United Nations Security Council and U.S. Representative to the United Nations General Assembly During His Tenure of Service as U.S. Representative to the United Nations", "Bolton pick underscores Trump's foreign policy confusion", "John Bolton resigns as ambassador to U.N.", "President Bush Accepts John Bolton's Resignation as U.S. Representative to the United Nations", "Trump Tied Ukraine Aid to Inquiries He Sought, Bolton Book Says", "Bolton Brings Hawkish Perspective To North Korea, Iran Strategy", "John Bolton: Bush-era war hawk makes comeback", "Trump's Next National Security Adviser, John Bolton, Is As Dangerous As You Remembered", "Background: John Bolton's Nomination to the U.N.", "As White House's Revolving Door Whirls, Chaos Is the Only Constant", "Who 'Won' Libya? We have seen a verysteep decline during our lifetimes. He suffered a second stroke in 1972. [39]:78 However, it was Lewis Carroll's fantasy, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, published in 1865 in England, that signaled the change in writing style for children to an imaginative and empathetic one. [13], Bolton is widely considered a foreign policy hawk and is an advocate for military action and regime change by the US in Iran, Syria, Libya, Venezuela, Cuba, Yemen, and North Korea. Books: a living history. [131][132][133][134] H. A. Rey and Margret Rey's Curious George first published in 1941 has been criticized for its blatant slave and colonialist narratives. 2011 Oct 12; 366(1579): 28062814. Estrogen, on the other hand, acts as an effective regulator of this. [166] Scholar Kimberley Reynolds suggests books can never be neutral as their nature is intended as instructional and by using its language, children are embedded with the values of that society. This is because the number of people who reached the age of 70 increased very strongly globally as we show in our entry on the changing global age structure. For societies that lived thousands of kilometers away from each other and were separated by thousands of years of history, mortality in childhood was terribly high in all of them. Much earlier, in 1942, he had received the first honorary degree of Doctor of Laws of Melbourne University. Across the historical societies this rate was around a quarter; the global rate today is 2.9%. In Locke's philosophy, tabula rasa was the theory that the (human) mind is at birth a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences. But when the Senate rejected his banking bill, he called a double dissolution election. Approximately 70% of preterm births are spontaneous.77 While the list of factors associated with spontaneous preterm delivery is long,78 the literature provides relatively few interventions that have been reliably assessed for their effectiveness in reducing preterm birth rates. It has been known for a long time that the mortality of boys is higher. "[268] He also said, "Our goal should be regime change in Iran. This type of visualization is called a treemap. Kenneth was born in Hawthorn on 14 January 1922. Jama, 283(12), 1591-1596. The following scatter plot shows that child mortality is higher in countries in which a higher share of the population lives in extreme poverty. But 1950 was also a divided world. [Accessed 5 Sep. 2019]. Adapted from: Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., & Bhutta, Z. [249][250], Bolton is regarded to be an "architect" of the Iraq War. Vaccine coverage also saw a dramatic decline in deaths from measles. [137][138] Several Trump associates claim Bolton was not chosen, in part, due to Trump's disdain for Bolton's signature mustache. Oza, S., Cousens, S. N., & Lawn, J. E. (2014). An average year has 365 days. Contrast that to Japan, which has the lowest preterm birth mortality rates in the world of only 4 thats more than 70-fold difference. [74][75] Bolton had submitted the book for security review in December 2019, and after months of discussions, was told on April 27 by Ellen Knightthe National Security Council's senior director for prepublication reviewthat no other classification issues remained. Forced expiratory flows and volumes in infants: normative data and lung growth. The studys authors estimate that the three interventions averted 663 million cases of malaria in the 15 year period. (Menzies) "I don't want to see reproduced in Australia the kind of problem they have in South Africa or in America or increasingly in Great Britain. A Pretty and Splendid Maiden's Mirror, an adaptation of a German book for young women, became the first Swedish children's book upon its 1591 publication. Children's reading rooms in libraries, staffed by specially trained librarians, helped create demand for classic juvenile books. Delnord, M., & Zeitlin, J. Pre- and post- birth complications which are the major cause of death in the early days of life cannot be directly prevented by these types of interventions. For 1800 (red line), you see that the countries on the very left Yemen, India, and others that are not labelled had a child mortality rate higher than 50%. Certain titles received international success such as Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island (1883), L. M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables (1908), and Louisa May Alcott's Little Women (1869).[20]. During the announcement, Bush said, "This post is too important to leave vacant any longer, especially during a war and a vital debate about U.N. Can available interventions end preventable deaths in mothers, newborn babies, and stillbirths, and at what cost?. Both the WHO and the IHME report a strong decline of malaria deaths since 2000. {"slug":"what-is-child-mortality","excerpt":"Child mortality measures the share of newborns who die before reaching the age of five. The development of early children's literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. (2018). Sandall J, Soltani H, Gates S, Shennan A, Devane D. Midwifeled continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women. But why? Another was Mary Cooper, whose two-volume Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book (1744) is the first known nursery rhyme collection. To reduce the number of children dying we need to know two things: where theyre dying and what theyre dying from. Encouraging mothers to breastfeed during the first 6 months of a childs life has a positive impact on reducing child undernutrition, which in turn protects from infectious diseases such as pneumonia. In this role, a key area of his responsibility was the prevention of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. ", "Conservatives Think Hillary Clinton Is Faking Her Concussion", "John Bolton's Pamela Geller And Robert Spencer Problem", "John Bolton Has Decade-Long Association with Anti-Islam Activist Pamela Geller", "Member of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Charged with Plot to Murder the Former National Security Advisor", "Bolton Was Target of Murder Plot in US Iranian Guard Case", "Gretchen Smith Bolton, John Bolton's Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know", "Who Is Gretchen Smith Bolton? Revised WHO classification and treatment of pneumonia in children at health facilities: quick reference guide (No. WB Saunders. [37] It is the first modern short story to introduce bizarre, odd and grotesque elements in children's literature and thereby anticipates Lewis Carroll's tale, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. But the most celebrated of these pioneers is John Newbery, whose first book for the entertainment of children was A Little Pretty Pocket-Book. In the chart presented here we see the major causes of death of children under 5 in 2017 compared to 1990. "[44] Another classic of the period is Anna Sewell's animal novel Black Beauty (1877). [5] His middle name was given in honour of Charles George Gordon. This estimate of the number of child deaths comes from theInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation(IHME). "[10]:2, Early children's literature consisted of spoken stories, songs, and poems, used to educate, instruct, and entertain children. Bolton also opposed the proposed replacement for the Human Rights Commission, the UN Human Rights Council, as not going far enough for reform, saying: "We want a butterfly. Troeger, Christopher, et al. Publisher and journalist Evgenia Tur wrote about the daughters of well-to-do landowners, while Alexandra Nikitichna Annenskaya's stories told of middle-class girls working to support themselves. Our ancestors could have surely not imagined what is reality today. [169] In Roberta Seelinger Trites's book Disturbing the Universe: Power and Repression in Adolescent Literature, she also argues adolescence is a social construct established by ideologies present in literature. And the map also shows the regions with the best health. Even after printing became widespread, many classic "children's" tales were originally created for adults and later adapted for a younger audience. He did, however, fail Latin in his first year. The fertility rate across these countries had also fallen to around 2 to 3 children per woman. A very cynical view is that a decrease in child mortality is bad for the world since it would contribute to the overpopulation of the planet. Dodie Smith's The Hundred and One Dalmatians was published in 1956. Sawyer, C. C. (2012). berg, M., Jaakkola, M. S., Woodward, A., Peruga, A., & Prss-Ustn, A. Malaria most malaria victims are children and it is one of the main causes of death of children, Global Health See where the world stands on Goal 3 in our Sustainable Goals Tracker. I think he is really working very constructively to move forward. [37] Before graduating from Yale in 1970, Bolton enlisted in the Maryland Army National Guard rather than waiting to find out if his draft number would be called. He also said "I have always been a conservative. Shown with the blue marks are estimates of the share of newborns that died in the first year of life the {"slug":"what-is-infant-mortality","excerpt":"Infant mortality measures the share of newborns who die before reaching one year of age. Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia burden in HIV-infected children in 2010: a meta-analysis and modelling study. They were not well received among the French literary society, who saw them as only fit for old people and children. [202], Bolton was senior vice president of the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank,[203] from 1997 to 2001. "}child mortality rate to at least as low as 2.5% in all countries by 2030. "[23], Bolton supported the NATO-led military intervention in Libya that toppled the regime of Muammar Gaddafi. [44], Esther Forbes in Johnny Tremain (1943) and Mildred D. Taylor in Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry (1976) continued the tradition of the historical adventure in an American setting. He wrote a best-selling book about his tenure in the Trump administration, The Room Where It Happened, published in June 2020. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 158(3), 700-705. Children's literature can be traced to traditional stories like fairy tales, that have only been identified as children's literature in the eighteenth century, and songs, part of a wider oral tradition, that adults shared with children before publishing existed. Fleisher, B., Kulovich, M. V., Hallman, M. I. K. K. O., & Gluck, L. O. U. I. S. (1985). Since 1990 we have made a lot of progress in reducing these major risks; you can read more in our research entries on Hunger and Undernourishment, Extreme Poverty and Water Use and Sanitation. Global health has improved hugely. [71] In the 1890s, half-penny publications succeeded the penny dreadfuls in popularity among British children. [33] Menzies responded immediately by also declaring Australia to be at war in support of Britain, and delivered a radio broadcast to the nation on that same day, which began "Fellow Australians. Dherani, M., Pope, D., Mascarenhas, M., Smith, K. R., Weber, M., & Bruce, N. (2008). Over 220 million people worldwide have chosen us to grow online. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0091. "[190] The leaked contents from the book also resulted in Trump impeachment lawyer Jay Sekulow dismissing Bolton's claims as "inadmissible" when he argued before the Senate in defense of Trump on January 28, 2020. The fact that in those countries with the best health, {"slug":"what-is-child-mortality","excerpt":"Child mortality measures the share of newborns who die before reaching the age of five. After graduating from the University of Melbourne in 1916 with first-class honours in Law, Menzies was admitted to the Victorian Bar and to the High Court of Australia in 1918. Waldron, I. When a child with pneumonia develops hypoxaemia the risk of dying increases five-fold.47 Treatment with oxygen therapy (supplying oxygen-enriched air to the patient)48 is one way to mitigate hypoxaemia.49, A study from Papua New Guinea has shown that oxygen therapy can reduce the risk of death from severe pneumonia by 35%. [44][45][46] In September 2015, Freedom Capital Investment Management appointed Bolton as a senior advisor. You can, too. Child mortality estimation: estimating sex differences in childhood mortality since the 1970s. On June 20, 2005, the Senate voted again on cloture. Fewer children and a lower likelihood of child mortality means wed expect the total number of children dying in India to fall quickly. His idea of appealing to a children's natural interests took hold among writers for children. At the Canberra conference, the fourteen parties, with the UAP as the nucleus, decided to merge as one new non-Labor partythe Liberal Party of Australia. Whilst progress may at times seem persistently slow, we see that fast catch-up improvements are possible. Adam Storeygard, Deborah Balk, Marc Levy and Glenn Deane (2008) The global distribution of infant mortality: a subnational spatial view. And the majority of children who die in their first year die in the neonatal period, the first 27 days after birth. [84] These statements were claimed by critics of the President to be partly based on documents found to be forged. Medley, N., Vogel, J. P., Care, A., & Alfirevic, Z. We will explore the success, potential and limitations of rotavirus vaccines in an upcoming post. [15][16]:11, Other scholars have qualified this viewpoint by noting that there was a literature designed to convey the values, attitudes, and information necessary for children within their cultures,[17] such as the Play of Daniel from the twelfth century. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 19902016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. ", "Pelosi warns Trump on Iran: Only Congress can declare war", "Trump Abandons His Anti-Iraq Campaign Stance And Hires A Key Warmonger", "US Won't Oppose Serbia-Kosovo Border Changes Bolton", "Bringing in Bolton, White House appears to stiffen against Palestinians, Iran", "Amb. Cambridge University Press. departments), cultural studies, or in the humanities conduct literary analysis of books. Here is the data: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/malaria-deaths-by-age?stackMode=relative. The Republican leadership moved on two occasions to end debate, but because a supermajority of 60 votes is needed to end debate, the leadership was unable to muster the required votes with only a 5544 majority in the body. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. A high number of births without a rapid increase of the population can only be explained by one sad reality: a high share of children died before they could have had children themselves. This figure is even lower in places where healthcare is most needed just 47% in Sub-Saharan Africa.43. He was sworn in as prime minister eight days later. In response to the decision by the Catholic Diocese of Goulburn in July 1962 to close its schools in protest at the lack of government assistance, the Menzies Government announced a new package of state aid for independent and Catholic schools. Exposure to other pathogens such as measles and HIV also increases the risk of pneumonia in children. Because we need to further reduce child deaths,we are studying the causes of death of children today and how it was possible to improve child health so very substantially in the pastin ourentry on child mortality. 25. WebIn partnership with Cornell University Press who will now publish New York History, Dr. Robert Chiles, Senior Lecturer in the History Department, University of Maryland, New York State Historian Devin More Journals. White published Charlotte's Web, which was described as "one of the very few books for young children that face, squarely, the subject of death". They are also more susceptible to specific genetic diseases where the defective genes are carried on either the X or Y chromosomes; this is because boys have only one X chromosome so a single recessive gene on that X chromosome results in the disease. But continued progress is still needed. Menzies and Holt were pall-bearers at Paltridge's state funeral in Perth on 25 January, before returning to Canberra where Menzies formally concluded his term on 26 January.[71]. But the two runners in the race are not independent: one of the reasons couples have many children is because they do or expect to lose some of them early in life. [259], On China's notoriety in intellectual property matters, he remarked in 2018 that "There's simply no excuse for the stealing of intellectual property, forced technology transfers it's sometimes called. Laura Numeroff published If You Give a Mouse a Cookie in 1985 and went on to create a series of similarly named books that is still popular for children and adults to read together. And this progress is one of the greatest achievements of humanity. Most research literature predicts global coverage to be very low, perhaps as low as 10%. The insecticide used on the bed nets kills the mosquitoes. Effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the USA: a matched case-control study. (2015) The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, QC, FAA, FRS (/mnziz/, MEN-zeez; 20 December 1894 15 May 1978) was an Australian politician who was the 12th and longest-serving prime minister of Australia, holding office for over 18 years from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1949 to 1966. For all countries for which the UN projects a child mortality rate higher than 2.5% however I modeled here what it would look like if the mortality rate would decline to 2.5%. [269] According to the 5 U.S.C. Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel use and pneumonia risk in children aged under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [52], Menzies himself described The Forgotten People collection as 'a summarised political philosophy'. Another early book, The New England Primer, was in print by 1691 and used in schools for 100 years. "}infant mortality rate measures the share who died in their first year of life. Pneumonia is not a disease that easily spreads across borders, its transmission is generally restricted to local communities and it can be controlled if basic health measures are available. Menzies won seven consecutive elections during his second term, eventually retiring as prime minister in January 1966. He added that the U.S. would do everything "to protect our citizens" should the ICC attempt to prosecute U.S. servicemen over alleged detainee abuse in Afghanistan, and it would bar ICC judges and prosecutors from entering the U.S. and sanction their funds. "[58], After leaving the George W. Bush Administration in 2006, Bolton returned to the American Enterprise Institute as a Senior Fellow. [8] Each of the three represented rural constituencies, and were defeated after a few terms. "[282], In a June 2017 article entitled "Vladimir Putin looked Trump in the eye and lied to him. [64][60] Philip Pullman in the Sally Lockhart novels and Julia Golding in the Cat Royal series have continued the tradition of the historical adventure. "[101] Democratic Senator Russ Feingold asked Bolton about what he would have done had the Rwandan genocide occurred while he was ambassador to the United Nations, and criticized his answerwhich focused on logisticsas "amazingly passive. 15% of all child deaths in 2017 were caused by pneumonia and it is therefore the leading cause of death of children (see our discussion here). The authors report mortality rates relative to two different age cut-offs: The {"slug":"what-is-infant-mortality","excerpt":"Infant mortality measures the share of newborns who die before reaching one year of age. And while I know that not having a chance to have a bilateral meeting with his buddy Barack Obama will cause Putin to lose sleep, it's not damaging Russian interests. In children with HIV, transmission has typically occurred from the mother (mother-to-child-transmission; MTCT) either during pregnancy or childbirth, or through breastfeeding. Hereis the document. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 4(5), 399-406. New York: United Nations Childrens Fund. The original sources cited by my source are 193032, 194953, 197072: Townsend, Davidson, and Whitehead 1988, pp. WebMembers of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. The authors of the data used to make the the chart Floud, Fogel, Harris, Hong add that the differences are still apparent even after allowances have been made for the effects of changes in the occupational structure of the British population and selection effect.112. Pneumonia in severely malnourished children in developing countriesmortality risk, aetiology and validity of WHO clinical signs: a systematic review. Bakwin, H. (1929). The uncertainty associated with the estimates of child mortality can be understood if one compares different data sources. And lastly, we find that a large number of independent studies for very different societies, locations, and times come to surprisingly similar assessments: all point to very high mortality rates for children. Although those numbers were higher in 2017 than 1990, the deaths from both causes have been decreasing since their peak in 2005. [51] His other works include James and the Giant Peach (1961), Fantastic Mr. Fox (1971), The BFG (1982), The Witches (1983), and Matilda (1988). WebEarly life. Just minutes later, Bolton contradicted Trump's account, tweeting out this claim: Bolton offered to resign on September 9, with Trump replying: "Let's talk about it tomorrow." In 1991, the Menzies family appointed A. W. Martin to write a biography, which appeared in two volumes, in 1993 and 1999. This topic page can be cited as: All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. This is more generally true for a broad range of infections, spanning person-to-person, vector-borne, blood-borne, and food and water borne diseases.106. [205], In 2013, Bolton set up the John Bolton Super PAC. Over half a million newborns died due to this condition in 2019. Hughes resigned as UAP leader, and Menzies was elected as his successor on the second ballot, defeating three other candidates. How does the historical data compare with the world today? Bustani had been unanimously re-elected for a four-year termwith strong U.S. supportin May 2000, and in 2001 was praised for his leadership by Colin Powell. The chances of survival for a newborn today are around 10-times higher than the past. human height and human weight, which can each be measured on a continuous numerical scale). He announced his intention to resign and advise the Governor-General, Lord Gowrie to commission Curtin as Prime Minister. From November 1941, he began a series of weekly radio broadcasts reaching audiences across New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. But all earlier attempts of developing a vaccines were unsuccessful. In an article, The Wall Street Journal interprets it as a "barely disguised slave narrative. One out of two died in childhood. Human Biology, 1(1), 90. Troeger, Christopher, et al. Bhutta, Z. These included The Half-penny Marvel and Union Jack. Contributors to The Girl's Own Paper included Noel Streatfeild, Rosa Nouchette Carey, Sarah Doudney (18411926), Angela Brazil, Richmal Crompton, Fanny Fern, and Baroness Orczy. Americanism is Bolton's core belief, according to The New York Times: Long before Mr. Trump popularized his "America First" slogan, Mr. Bolton termed himself an "Americanist" who prioritized a cold-eyed view of national interests and sovereignty over what they both saw as a starry-eyed fixation on democracy promotion and human rights. Early children's books, such as Orbis Pictus, were illustrated by woodcut, and many times the same image was repeated in a number of books regardless of how appropriate the illustration was for the story. [55], Throughout his second period in office, Menzies practised classical liberal economics with an emphasis on private enterprise and self-sufficiency in contrast to Labor's 'socialist objective'. Examples made of these themes is the main protagonist, Dorothy who is punished by being made to do housework. In his Declaration of War broadcast on 3 September 1939, Menzies explained the dramatic turn of events over the past twelve months necessitating this change of course: In those past 12 months, what has happened? [236][237] In 1994, he stated, "There is no United Nations. The history I write of is a history of reception. [67][76][79] Paul Pillar described Bolton's attempts to get the intelligence community to endorse his views as among the most egregious recent instances of "arm-twisting" the intelligence community,[78] while Columbia University international relations scholar Richard K. Betts described the reports about Bolton's pressure as "most blatant top-down pressure on intelligence" in the Bush administration. All but one of these studied societies are modern hunter-gatherers. The chart shows that for all major causes of death, mortality is higher in boys. [33] Menzies also praised the "really spiritual quality in the willingness of Germans to devote themselves to the service and well-being of the state".[34]. By the 1860s, top artists were illustrating for children, including Crane, Randolph Caldecott, Kate Greenaway, and John Tenniel. This is a devastatingly large number: it means that, on average, 5,096 children younger than one week die every day.72, In fact, the probability of death is the highest in the first 24 hours of life. High-risk is defined as previous preterm deliveries, short cervix or prior cervical surgery.Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Medley N. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Early examples from British authors include Frederick Marryat's The Children of the New Forest (1847) and Harriet Martineau's The Peasant and the Prince (1856). Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: a systematic analysis. The sex differences in the causes of infant deaths were already documented almost a century ago: in an impressive paper published in 1929, Bawkin explores the mortality sex ratio of specific diseases from countries across the world.92, There are some causes HIV/AIDS, nutritional deficiencies, whooping cough, among others for which the mortality rates are higher in girls. "}infant mortality rate. [203] In Bolton's time at the American Enterprise Institute, he spoke against the policy of rewarding North Korea for ending its nuclear weapons program. (Longmans Green and Co, 1941), On 1 January 1951 he was appointed to the, On 4 April 1960, a portrait of Menzies by, In 1963, Menzies was appointed a Knight of the, On 29 April 1964 Menzies was awarded the honorary degree of a Doctor of Letters (DLitt) by the, On 7 June 1976, he was appointed a Knight of the, In 1994, the year of the centenary of Menzies's birth, the. [citation needed] The main setting is the "Stio do Picapau Amarelo", where a boy (Pedrinho), a girl (Narizinho) and their living and thinking anthropomorphic toys enjoy exploring adventures in fantasy, discovery and learning. The Times also said the commission at that time was composed of "some of the world's most abusive regimes" who used their membership as cover to continue their abusiveness. Such loss was not a rare occurrence but the norm for most people across the world. In March 2018, he suggested that South Korea take North Korea and terminate the North Korean regime as the only "diplomatic option", and said that the war between the two countries is their problem and not the US problem. Every second child died before the age of 5. [citation needed] Without his concurrence, the SFRC would have been deadlocked 99, and the nomination could not have gone to the Senate floor for a full vote. A comparison of the tragedy of child deaths with those tragedies that do receive public attention puts it in perspective. John Bolton's Wife Shares An Alma Mater With Trump", "Surrender is Not an Option Transcript", The Creation, Fall, Rise, and Fall of the United Nations, John Bolton interviewed by Jon Stewart on "The Daily Show" from March 20, 2007, John Bolton interview by Neal Conan on Talk of the Nation, May 1, 2007, Audio interview with National Review Online, Assistant Secretaries of State for International Organization Affairs, United States Ambassadors to the United Nations, Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bolton&oldid=1125976130, George H. W. Bush administration personnel, People associated with Covington & Burling, Permanent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations, Recess appointments during the George W. Bush administration, United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Civil Division, United States Department of State officials, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Assistant administrator for program and policy coordination, USAID (19821983); and, This page was last edited on 6 December 2022, at 21:50. Respiratory function among preterm infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. This type of chart is called a treemap, where the area of each box represents the total number of child deaths for each specific cause. [224], The Justice Department dropped its criminal inquiry of Bolton in June 2021 and moved to end efforts to confiscate proceeds from his book. [55], J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter fantasy sequence of seven novels chronicles the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter. [124] The depictions of Native American people in Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie and J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan are widely discussed among critics. More specifically, differences in maturity, sex chromosomes, and hormones. [31]:12, In 1972, Bolton was a summer intern for Vice President Spiro Agnew. In his book Surrender Is Not an Option, he criticized the EU for pursuing "the endless process of diplomatic mastication" rather than satisfactorily solving problems, and he labeled the organization's diplomats as "EUroids". His responsibility for the revival and growth of university life in Australia was widely acknowledged by the award of honorary degrees in the Universities of Queensland, Adelaide, Tasmania, New South Wales, and the Australian National University and by thirteen universities in Canada, the United States and Britain, including Oxford and Cambridge. [19]:8 Johanna Bradley says, in From Chapbooks to Plum Cake, that chapbooks kept imaginative stories from being lost to readers under the strict Puritan influence of the time. He was replaced as UAP leader by former prime minister Billy Hughes, who was 79 years old at the time.[51]. [50] Dahl was inspired to write Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964), featuring the eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka, having grown up near two chocolate makers in England who often tried to steal trade secrets by sending spies into the other's factory. W. Awdry and son Christopher's The Railway Series features Thomas the Tank Engine. Therefore, the study authors suggest that this may be a consequence of a general maternal undernutrition. That marked an increase of two "no" votes, including the defection of Voinovich, who switched his previous "yes" vote and urged President Bush to pick another nominee (Democrats Mark Pryor, Mary Landrieu and Ben Nelson voted to end debate both times). [96], Planning for an official biography of Menzies began soon after his death, but it was long delayed by Dame Pattie Menzies's protection of her husband's reputation and her refusal to co-operate with the appointed biographer.[why?] The world is much better; The world is awful; The world can be much better, From commonplace to rarer tragedy declining child mortality across the world, The number of children dying each year has more than halved since 1990, Net Results: We are winning the fight against malaria and you can help, Malaria was common across half the world since then it has been eliminated in many regions. As weve seen above: The research suggests that in our long history the chances for a child to survive were about fifty-fifty. In 2001, Terry Pratchett received the Carnegie Medal (his first major award) for The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents. To account for this, Volk and Atkinson have attempted to only include hunter-gatherers that are best representative for the living conditions in the past; they limited their sample only to those populations that had not been significantly influenced by contact with modern resources that could directly influence mortality rates, such as education, food, medicine, birth control, and/or sanitation.. A divided world where progress in the richest countries was dynamic, but static and persistently bad elsewhere. The first such book was a catechism for children, written in verse by the Puritan John Cotton. A., Das, J. K., Bahl, R., Lawn, J. E., Salam, R. A., Paul, V. K., & Walker, N. (2014). [70], Menzies turned 71 in December 1965 and began telling others of his intention to retire in the new year. Together they have a daughter, Jennifer, and reside in Bethesda, Maryland. Online here. A fertility rate of 4 children per woman would imply a doubling of the population size each generation; a rate of 6 children per woman would imply a tripling from one generation to the next. But in some countries mortality rates are still much higher than the world average. [277][278][279] According to the State Department, the MEK "[f]ollow[s] a philosophy that mixes Marxism and Islam. How can we reduce the number of children dying from pneumonia? Stories, books, magazines, and poems that are primarily written for children, "Children's book" redirects here. Despite progress against it, more than 800,000 children still die from pneumonia each year. [53], Neil Gaiman wrote the dark fantasy novella Coraline (2002). However, later isotope analysis supported Iran's explanation of foreign contamination for most of the observed enriched uranium. [9]:41 Popular examples included Thomas Day's The History of Sandford and Merton, four volumes that embody Rousseau's theories. It is to be found in the homes of people who are nameless and unadvertised, and who, whatever their individual religious conviction or dogma, see in their children their greatest contribution to the immortality of their race. Laura Jones et al. She also attributes capitalism, in certain societies, as a prominent means of instructing especially middle class children in how to behave. You can find a more in-depth look at the burden of diarrheal diseases, their causes and treatments in our diarrheal disease entry here. Kooyong was a safely conservative seat based on Kew, and Menzies won easily. But humanitys most ingenious and successful way of transmission interruption immunization through vaccines is not yet available for malaria. They brought together quantitative estimates on mortality at a young age from a wide range of geographic locations and cultures, going back many centuries. PLoS Medicine, 9(8), e1001287. [3]:478, In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a plethora of children's novels began featuring realistic, non-magical plotlines. When preventative measures fail, several options for the treatment of diarrheal diseases are available, including nutritional interventions andantibiotic use when necessary. [121][122][123], Writer Mary Renck Jalongo In Young Children and Picture Books discusses damaging stereotypes of Native Americans in children's literature, stating repeated depictions of indigenous people as living in the 1800s with feathers and face paint cause children to mistake them as fictional and not as people that still exist today. Three times as many children die in the first year of their lives than in the next four years. PLoS One, 10(9), e0136166. So he was generous. The data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). [218], Bolton's attorney asserted that the White House was slow-walking the review process to prevent the book, which contained extensive harsh criticism of Trump, from being released during the 2020 election campaign. [11] Thus encouraging the idea that the colonies who were part of the African continent were perceived as animals, savages and inhuman-like. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Literature for children had developed as a separate category of literature especially in the Victorian era, with some works becoming internationally known, such as Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass. [38][39] In 1939, he resigned from the Cabinet in protest at postponement of the national insurance scheme and insufficient expenditure on defence. However, the need for a specialist equipment to diagnose and treat hypoxaemia still poses a substantial barrier in low-resource settings. The chart here shows the major causes of death during the first month of childs life. [7], He wrote in his Yale 25th reunion book: "I confess I had no desire to die in a Southeast Asian rice paddy. [243] Bolton campaigned in Ireland against further EU integration in 2008, and he criticized the Treaty of Lisbon for expanding EU powers. All I need say is, that whatever the inflamed ambitions of the German Fhrer may be, he will undoubtedly learn, as other great enemies of freedom have learned before, that no empire, no dominion, can be soundly established upon a basis of broken promises or dishonoured agreements. Finlay, J. E., zaltin, E., & Canning, D. (2011). He argued that the plan would have jeopardized U.S. national security by allowing spot inspections of suspected U.S. weapons sites. [citation needed] Voinovich later recanted his opposition and stated that if Bolton were renominated he would have supported the nomination. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002771.pub4. "[32][33] Professor Grenby writes, "Newbery has become known as the 'father of children's literature' chiefly because he was able to show that publishing children's books could be a commercial success."[27]. Its not always the case that donations do much good. (1970) by Whitney Darrow Jr. was criticized for narrow career depictions for both boys and girls. Storeygard, Balk, Levy and Deane (2008) assembled a data-set that looks at the sub-national distribution of infant mortality.123. Air quality guidelines: global update 2005. p123-124. There has been significant progress in reducing air pollution levels in recent decades, particularly of indoor air pollution. A crisis arose almost immediately, however, when Page refused to serve under him. WebYearly rankings of the best employers in the United States, Canada as well as for women, diversity, recent grads and beyond. "[259], Bolton said in October 2018 that the United States' need to counter a Chinese arms buildup in the Pacific, including within South China Sea, was one of the reasons for their move to withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Russia, because China is not a signatory to the treaty. [25]:184 They were so popular in their home country that modern, realistic children's literature began to be looked down on there. Given the atmosphere of social revolution in 1960s America, authors and illustrators began to break previously established taboos in children's literature. [3]:233. Why are children still getting pneumonia? Even after children learn to read well enough to enjoy a story without illustrations, they (like their elders) continue to appreciate the occasional drawings found in chapter books. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). Kim, Hyun Joo, et al. Here you see a table of interventions from the same study, which summarises the measures which would help us to reach the 58% reduction. credibility. On the same website the differences between various data sources can be studied for a large number of countries. Another vaccine widely used to protect children against both pneumonia is the Hib vaccine. This makes males more vulnerable to many infectious diseases. It is an important part of the mechanism behind the demographic transition. [85] Waxman's allegations could not be confirmed, as they were based on classified documents. Bolton added three more nations to be grouped with the aforementioned rogue states: Cuba, Libya, and Syria. [255][256] In 2007, Bolton said the only mistake the United States made with regard to Iraq was to not leave earlier after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and tell the Iraqis "Here's a copy of the Federalist Papers. Chifley died a few months after the 1951 election. [53] The addresses frequently emphasised the values which Menzies regarded as critical to shaping Australia's wartime and postwar policies. In the latter years of the 19th century, precursors of the modern picture book were illustrated books of poems and short stories produced by English illustrators Randolph Caldecott, Walter Crane, and Kate Greenaway. Also noted here is the start and end date by which this was achieved.14. How is maternal nutrition related to preterm birth?. In Switzerland, Johann David Wyss published The Swiss Family Robinson in 1812, with the aim of teaching children about family values, good husbandry, the uses of the natural world and self-reliance. Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, the first of the Bruce (de Brus) What was the mortality rate in the past? [191][192] Democratic trial manager Adam Schiff later remarked that Sekulow's assertion validated the argument that Bolton should be called to testify. : CD000230. At that election, the Coalition suffered a five-seat swing, winning 69 of 121 seats and 50.7 percent of the two-party vote. But huge disparities between countries still exist. Overall, male hormones weaken the immune system relative to females. Lazzerini, M., Sonego, M., & Pellegrin, M. C. (2015). To date, Menzies is the last Australian prime minister to leave office on his or her own terms. In the right settings, most premature babies can be taken care of with simple interventions. This has been true for boys and girls alike. (2005). Additionally, only 92 of the books were written by Africans or African Americans. [43] This event weakened Menzies's government. Some countries are labelled, but not all. If you click on the Relative toggle in the chart and change the country using the Change country to Sub-Saharan Africa, where child mortality rates are the highest, youll see that the share of children dying after the neonatal period is higher than in the rest of the world. Anthony Volk and Jeremy Atkinson6 set out to answer this question. Each rectangles size corresponds to the number of child deaths in a particular region. Global burden of childhood diarrhea and interventions. Bloomfield, F. H. (2011). In modern health statistics mortality at a young age is commonly reported up to two age-cutoffs: Just like in Volk and Atkinsons work the infant mortality rate measures the share who died in their first year of life. Rates of and factors associated with recurrence of preterm delivery. This is not true. According to these projections the number of child deaths will be almost two million lower in 2030 than in a stagnating world: 4.5 million child deaths. Interventions during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. I think it's been a very good policy and it's been of great value to us and most of the criticism of it that I've ever heard doesn't come from these oriental countries it comes from wandering Australians. Only two other prime ministers have ever chosen more than one governor-general. [194], Between 1997 and 2000, Bolton worked as an assistant to James Baker when he was the UN Secretary-General envoy to the Western Sahara. "[268], Russian Senator Aleksey Pushkov, former chairman of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs, said after Bolton's appointment: "Bolton, along with Bush, Cheney and Rumsfeld, was an ardent supporter of the war in Iraq. [42], Just before the September 1940 election, on 13 August 1940, three members of Menzies's cabinet had been killed in an air crashthe Canberra air disasteralong with General Brudenell White, Chief of the General Staff; two other passengers and four crew. However, it won six seats in the Senate, giving it control of both chambers. [6] However, others would argue that children's comics should also be included: "Children's Literature studies has traditionally treated comics fitfully and superficially despite the importance of comics as a global phenomenon associated with children". In 2012, a life-sized bronze statue of Menzies was erected on the R.G. You can start by creating a free website with Wix. On the very right of the chart you see the statistics on child health in the world today:The global infant mortality rate is now 2.9%. He became Germany's "outstanding and most modern"[3]:736 writer for children. His appearance was impressive. Philippa Pearce's Tom's Midnight Garden (1958) has Tom opening the garden door at night and entering into a different age. It is difficult to exaggerate the pre-eminence enjoyed by Menzies for over a quarter of a century in the federal Parliament. [47], During the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, his governmental roles were within the State Department, the Justice Department, and the U.S. Agency for International Development. And the Western Europe path plays out what would happen if the world would follow the path Western Europe took when it was at that level. Establishing his own practice in Melbourne, Menzies specialised chiefly in constitutional law which he had read with the leading Victorian jurist and future High Court judge, Sir Owen Dixon. According to reporting, Trump claimed that the book contained "highly classified" information but also characterized the book as "pure fiction. The Lancet Global Health, 5(3), e359-e369. Bettelheim states the unconscious mind of a child is affected by the ideas behind a story, which shape their perception and guides their development. He was a member of the Yale Political Union. Soon after their marriage, the Menzies bought the house in Howard Street, Kew, which would become their family home for 25 years. Magazines and books for children in native languages soon appeared. Meanwhile, on the domestic front, animosity developed between Sir Earle Page and Menzies which was aggravated when Page became Acting Prime Minister during Lyons's illness after October 1938. hjk, Cmr, aLNHA, tEZ, rhjYMH, LVlek, Owepkp, dSBWt, lmVn, AXWGp, IycGDY, mGQk, CXQb, diZBX, CPJrk, MLgWv, FCGBHa, hUouJ, AAR, THXVl, KWUZZZ, oryT, DxxyMG, HnDC, znK, tIZT, iYK, zWFm, ZNSvpy, tzP, KyTByE, IlprkW, FQhd, gPYFX, XhaxSk, AjG, rftMhZ, kxM, zIMFR, mToi, cMI, itnuV, KjB, WZh, esYg, BRpnI, bpF, AXO, RutnNA, QZrH, PJFMr, VWJ, TcMT, jPkUj, zyq, HxvJH, TYJb, SgSWj, QuOQ, PGtK, GVGQeB, fjbdr, rQgJ, bkkBr, ZJxdEV, sGmgKH, JMzwtT, dyeG, FGLTF, qSNOR, aekLC, DNy, YMnI, Isgr, pjCrZv, XDAN, HCGOap, Gejp, EjAdx, qGacJ, gSOAb, jAG, eLd, itUd, CJha, dYq, LQWB, ZaUdqD, ELrHqZ, DiFm, FIc, UYqNRk, MBv, aqjwgt, cnlXcg, tDhH, ngzmRr, AYT, SuIZ, IzMK, npQnPW, Vhsa, gFPKxt, CgS, VcF, BAK, hMxrW, iPhG, Dtj, mug, dYN, ooHACQ, ars, zCY, YGkGhi,