Practitioner enquiry helps to create a space to stop and look again at existing ways of working. But when you engage with colleagues and look closely at data, it becomes a lot harder to fool yourself. I think it has been challenging. Summary: In this article, Lytle observes that teacher-researchers aim primarily to teach better, a theme she finds illuminated in Atul Gawandes Better: A Surgeons Notes on Performance, a physician-written book about the practice of medicine. It is argued by McLaughlin et al (2004) that teachers who engage in research have better understanding of their practice and ways to improve it. In that scenario, a beginning teachers viewpoint is as valuable as the perspective of a 20-year veteran. It has, without a doubt, for the staff who have embraced it, transformed the way they think. Therefore, enquiring professionals will need to develop the necessary knowledge, research skills, processes, understandings and practices. Over the past few years, Ive seen practitioner inquiry grow and develop at KSTF. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. What is Practitioner Enquiry? It is taking the focus away from teaching to the focus on pupil learning. The article describes an inquiry project carried out by a group of teacher education practitioner-researchers to examine how and what teacher candidates learned when they were required to conduct . Evidence suggests presently the concept is neither well understood, nor is its practice consistent TAI has some sound principles and laudable intentions, but is a flawed model. Educators find inquiries impactful when they challenge themselves to think and speak differently about their practice, their students, the curriculum and the nature of teaching and learning. You are purchasing a Good copy of 'Action Research in Special Education: An Inquiry Approach for Effective Teaching and Learning (Practitioner Inquiry Series)'. This is especially true when the inquiry isn't about trying to fix something but more about trying to understand something better; like the kid who doesn't participate in class or the classroom management system that's supposed to get kids to do their homework. Practitioners As one PING member recently put it, without this part of the process, the rest can feel empty and useless. This is an orientation much more directly associated with research, via the language of strategic enquiry. By this they mean a teacher/education professional who acts in slightly different ways. [A self-study] involves classroom teachers in a cycle of inquiry, reflection, and action. Gawande here confronts issues of standardization of practice (how to make childbirth researchable through a common assessment), of measurement of performance (figuring out what to measure), and the ways to link demonstrated success to particulars of different contexts (figuring out what makes one cystic fibrosis centers performance consistently successful and at the same time a site of continuous improvement). Setting those assumptions aside opened up new possibilities for forming more positive and productive relationships. Digital technology will enhance the ability of children with attention and behavioural problems to become reflective thinkers. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Collective practitioner inquiry means that we are all learners together. Client-centeredness:The shifting boundaries around teachers work means that establishing who their clients are is also complex. But the field is still struggling to develop adequate, never mind efficient, measures of teaching effectiveness. In this post, Ill expand on the ways teachers can and do use practitioner inquiry to build autonomy, client-centeredness, and public responsibility and accountability. To be a critically reflective teacher means that we regard both our personal and collective experiences and our reading of formal theory, research or philosophy as important elements in our critical journey. In education, practitioner inquiry aims for improving and gaining understanding on how educational theory and practice can be orchestrated to yield productive and beneficial outcomes. Jodie Galosy answers the question, why practitioner inquiry. Author Carolyn Babione has extensive experience in undergraduate- and graduate-level teacher training and teacher inquiry coursework. In part two of her blog post, KSTF Executive Director & CEO Nicole Gillespie explores how teachers can and do use practitioner inquiry to build autonomy, client-centeredness, and public responsibility and accountability. Chapter 1: What is Practitioner Inquiry? In . Chapter 2: What is the "Learn to Learn" Project? Privacy Policy | Terms of Use. I want to close with a caveat. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Sign in to access this content Sign in Get a 30 day FREE TRIAL Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life Read modern, diverse business cases Although the NCATE Blue Ribbon Panel Report challenges those responsible for teacher preparation to design clinically rich programs, there is little discussion about preparing teacher educators to actualize these innovations. In . For me, it is revisiting that you are actually a professional, not just a practitioner. (Lewison, 2003, p. 100). There are many different enquiry methods. SAGE publishing. (2010) defined enquiry as a strategic finding out, a shared process of investigation that can be explained or defended. SC006187. Being critical is not about taking a negative stance but instead asking questions. Ravitch | Perspectives on Urban Education Volume 11 Issue 1 Winter 2014 5 Conceptualizing Practitioner Research P ractitioner research is a methodological approach that allows for theory- These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. You can also find us at nwp.org and Educator Innovator. Keywords: Practitioner inquiry, Black student achievement, . Adopting enquiry as a core aspect of being an education professional is likely to demand different understandings and practices. Lieferung direkt nach Erscheinen - lehmanns.de 2020 National Writing Project. But when teachers engage in inquiry focused on student learning, they become client-centered in ways that they, and they alone, can control. The Practitioner Inquiry Series is the only book series of its kind in the world that showcases rich examples of classroom inquiry to address key problems of practice. Ms Tan Yen Chuan shares the research findings from a project that aims to increase teacher involvement in practitioner inquiry. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This study explored how practitioner inquiry could serve as a mechanism to facilitate the development of the next generation of teacher educators. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Practitioner Based Enquiry is a process in which teachers, tutors, lecturers and other education professionals systematically reflect on their own institutional practices, in order to produce assess-able reports and artifacts which are submitted for academic credits leading to the awarding of These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The General Teaching Council for Scotland, The General Teaching Council for Scotland - Registered Scottish Charity No. (1991) Symbolic Connectionism: Toward third-generation theories of expertise In K. A. Ericsson & J. Smith (Eds.) Im reminded of several inquiries where Fellows discovered that assumptions they had about students as lazy or colleagues as resistant turned out to be unfounded. Database search procedures, screening procedures, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and analytic methods are described. This seems almost counter-intuitive; by slowing down to learn, we often begin to see the way forward. Whilst the term 'practitioner enquiry' is not new to the Scottish education system what is now proposed is distinctly different in three key ways: the underpinning principles and aims of practitioner enquiry are stated for Taking an inquiry stance In everyday language, 'stance' is used to describe body postures, as in sports or dance, and also to describe political positions In research, 'stance' means the perspectives through which researchers frame their questions, observations, and interpretations 4. Outcomes of practitioner professional development in this area are inconsistent and often dependent on costly, external input. Practitioner inquiry can produce deep knowledge of on-the-ground daily work as advisors that can help better serve students. Practitioner research draws on multiple modes of investigation, analysis, and public sharing of knowledge. I think it has been hard for the teachers. Resource Introduced. This change is needed to provide teachers and education professionals with greater autonomy, knowledge and understandings to better meet the needs of pupils. Downloads PDF file: Practitioner Enquiry in East Dunbartonshire Council (1.4 MB) PowerPoint presentation: Attainment, Achievement and Equity for All (1.5 MB) only an insider could breech the security set up at the boundaries of this society. for whose benefit am I doing this enquiry. By supporting teachers to engage in practitioner inquiry, KSTF is betting on teachers to be the change agents we need, and so far, its proving to be a good bet. There are lots of variations, depending on who you ask, but this description by Cochran-Smith and Lytle (1993) captures how I think about PI: systematic intentional inquiry by teachers about their own school and classroom work. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". I dont want to turn PI into some kind of professional development superhero. Individuals who adopt this enquiring stance as the core of their professional practice will critically question their own educational beliefs, assumptions, values and practices. Transformative learning can only occur when individuals have the opportunity and skills to really question and consider their underpinning beliefs, assumptions, values and practices. The Practitioner Inquiry in Early Childhood Education (PIECE) workshop is a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) course designed to equip practitioners with the necessary knowledge and skills to carry out inquiry in classroom teaching-learning practices. Definitions thoughtfully supported by the literature. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Research in Education EDUC 5470 This course will focus on models of practitioner research and modes of inquiry appropriate to applied research and will provide insights into the uses and limitations of these approaches and tools. Chapter 3: What Counts as Data in Practitioner Research? Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Practitioner research can play a major part in making change more systemic and indeed sustainable as practitioners become agents of their own professional learning. The findings can then be shared so it becomes more than reflection or personal enquiry. Read her post and considering sharing it with others who have an interest in practitioner inquiry: http://ow.ly/rDDP308MttN. Systematic enquiry helps teachers to let go, unlearn, innovate and re-skill in cycles of professional learning throughout their career in response to changing circumstances Menter et al (2011). 11.1 Defining Qualities of Practitioner Inquiry As more teachers become researchers in their schools and classrooms, they explore innovative forms and formats for documenting classroom activities, interrogating conventional assumptions about the research itself, and questioning relationships between researchers and the researched. When teachers do this work together, in a culture of professional respect and growth, they hold themselves to extremely high standards much higher and more exacting than is possible with more traditional means of teacher assessment. Brookfield, S. (1995) Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher, Jossey-Bass, Holyoak, K. J. For over two decades, it has published books that fall under the umbrella category of practitioner inquiry. To gain an understanding of how motivation in individuals may be constructed and how individuals develop competence and control beliefs about themselves, motivation theories, such as self - determination (Deci), social cognitive / self-efficacy (Bandura), attribution theory (i.e: Weiner) and goal orientation theory need to be examined. Practitioner Inquiry and the Practice of Teaching: Some Thoughts on Better 190 views 0 Author: Susan Lytle Summary: In this article, Lytle observes that teacher-researchers aim primarily to teach better, a theme she finds illuminated in Atul Gawande's Better: A Surgeon's Notes on Performance, a physician-written book about the practice of medicine. I dont think we need to do something big or grand to grow PI in KSTF or wherever we work. Practitioner Teacher Inquiry and Research explores the concept and importance of the teacher practitioner, and prepares students in teacher education courses and programs to conduct research. Getting inside peoples heads via ethnographic and phenomenological interviews, [A self-study is] a generally agreed upon set of insider research practices that promote teachers taking a close, critical look at their teaching and the academic and social development of their students . More lee - practitioner inquiry presentation - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Copyright 2008 by the National Council of Teachers of English. Human subject rules and regulations and the ethics of school-based research will be discussed. Research engagement and practitioner enquiry has become an integral part of our approach to continuous professional learning and to the performance management process. Author Carolyn Babione has extensive experience in undergraduate- and graduate-level teacher training and teacher inquiry coursework. Many, even most, teachers feel strongly that their students are their primary clients, but they also recognize that they serve the parents/guardians of students, communities and even society as a whole. Also known as problem-based teaching or simply as 'inquiry,' this approach puts students' questions at the center of the curriculum, and places just as much value on . Practitioner Inquiry: Exploring Quality in Beginning Teacher Researchers' Work During the past twenty years of the teacher research movement, authors have substantiated the potential for teacher research to support teachers as reflective practitioners and improve teaching and student learning (Dana & Silva, 2003; Falk & In this cycle, teachers question common practice, approach problems from new perspectives, consider research and evidence to propose new solutions, implement these solutions, and evaluate the results, starting the cycle anew. conceptualizations of practitioner research, and discuss the central role of practitioner research in the broader context of an inquiry stance. Practitioner research: is about teachers investigating an area of their own practice and professional decision making - then combining their professional expertise with evidence from their own and other's research. But it does mean that we use those things to offer perspective rather than pronouncement. The focus on practice should always be about developing learners and working to progress learning. Considerable commitment, time, energy, and money support these efforts. Practitioner enquiry is one of the key elements in the new Professional Standards and in Scottish Education policy. Collective practitioner inquiry means that we are all learners together. Practitioner inquiry is based on traditional notions of 'individual' professionalism. Students will (Inquiry-Based Research, Practitioner Research, Teacher Research), for Education | Humanities | Social Sciences, MEd Students Download Overview of Self-Study Method, Flying solo: Teachers take charge of their learning through self-study research, Guidelines for quality in autobiographical forms of self-study research, Teacher inquiry: The catalytic and collaborative role of a Canadian teacher union, Introduction The logic of backwards design, Meta-Analysis, the latest in a book titled Methods of Analysis. While its true that teachers have a certain degree of autonomy once they close their classroom doors and start teaching, autonomy at that level tends to get eroded by a variety of factors that constrain the actual work of teaching. Video Type: Interview Add to list Transcript Auto scroll Download PDF Cite Embed Summary Chapters Video info Chapter 1: What is Practitioner Inquiry? Thisway of being a teacheris distinctly different and is likely to challenge, in many ways, the current practices of teachers and education professionals. See more ideas about learning, project based learning, personalized learning. They are focused on what learning is happening when they do something, which is great. Critical reflection helps to: Becoming critical involves questioning current practice. At the same time, teacher education evaluation has shifted from primary . What is Practitioner Inquiry 1. Practitioner enquiry, as defined by Menter et al (2011), is a finding outor an investigation with a rationale and approach that can be explained or defended. The Janet H and C. Harry Knowles Foundation, doing business as the Knowles Teacher Initiative, is recognized as a nonprofit organization by the IRS. Fortunately, our education system seems to be (very slowly) coming around to recognizing that student scores on annual achievement tests are at best incomplete, and at worst, highly misleading measures of teacher effectiveness. Within collaborative enquiry the group shares a common research question which can then be investigated through different lenses to enhance knowledge creation and sharing within the group and beyond. Practitioner inquiry is a methodology or theory of knowledge that for many decades has been employed by education practitioners (individually and often collectively, as part of inquiry communities) to systematically learn and theorize from their own practice with the aim of improving their practice and the world around them. Naylor, C., Fry, T. & Filleul, M. (2012). 1. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [A self-study is] a generally agreed upon set of insider research practices that promote teachers taking a close, critical look at their teaching and the academic and social development of their students . The process of transformative learning can be challenging and uncomfortable. 3. McLaughlin, C. Black-Hawkins, K. and McIntyre, D. (2004) Researching Teachers Researching Schools, Researching Networks: Review of the Literature. She discusses why it makes a difference to ask those who work in a particular setting, whether medicine or education, to study and develop solutions to problems within that setting. These thoughts seem, to me, to be more about learning than knowing, at least knowing in the traditional sense of the word, where knowledge is a set of assertions. However, the kind of knowledge that teachers generate through inquiry is complex and often highly contextual, which means its not particularly useful for public accountability. You are very much involved in an intellectual project, you are going to be analysing data, you are looking very critically at what you are seeing and hearing, you are thinking about it and you are unpicking it. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 2008. In many teacher education programs, some form of inquiry or practitioner research is now included in the preservice teacher education curriculum. Our study aimed to understand whether and how practitioner-led inquiry may offer an alternative, sustainable and scalable way of developing dialogic practices, characterising effective organisational models. Teaching Scotlands Future (Donaldson, 2011) called for a reconceptualisation of teacher education and the teaching profession. Close and careful questioning with others can help unearth assumptions that may keep us stuck somewhere we dont have to (or want to) be. The book investigates four related concepts - informal learning, practitioner inquiry, occupational education and epistemological perspectives. Enquiry as Stance is a term used by Cochran-Smith and Lytle (2009) to refer to a way of being a teacher. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Third, impacts of inquiring practitioners are . By contrast, the MTL is based on a more 'managed' vision of professionalism where the professionalism of the individual has to be harnessed to the requirements of the school and beyond that, the government. Faculty member Jennifer Lewis and participant Phoebe Potts use comics to illustrate how Potts brought Japanese Lesson Study, an innovative form of collaborative practitioner inquiry, to her congregational school in Massachusetts. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Although were still figuring out together the role of PI within KSTF, I think were making progress. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. One of the most promising things Ive noticed is that collective practitioner inquiry can flatten hierarchical expert/novice relationships, so we can grow mutual learning communities. I think they are developing a deeper language of learning. INQUIRY-BASED TEACHING I nquiry-based teaching is a pedagogical approach that invites students to explore academic content by posing, investigating, and answering questions. Chapter 2: What is the "Learn to Learn" Project? Creating engaging classroom spaces where students feel a sense of belonging, have a positive sense of self, and have the confidence to express their thinking about their learning is at the forefront of education research in the province of . Teachers doing enquiry should always be asking: Teachers and other education professionals who adopt anEnquiry as Stanceposition and engage in practitioner enquiry, as outlined in this area, ensuring their enquiries are robust, will become critically informed and this will likely lead to transformative learning, sustainable change and impact. Im not implying by this that teachers arent or shouldnt be knowers in that sense. Remember I said earlier we are exploringapathway, notthepathway. The combinations of theories and empirical case studies are used to provide a conceptual framework of inquiry where knowledge, abilities, experiences and skill sets play a significant aspect. Open navigation menu Results Holyoak characterised adaptive experts as being capable of drawing on their knowledge to invent new procedures for solving unique or fresh problems, rather than simply applying already mastered procedures. The chapter has three major parts. *Offers readable, real-life scenarios of people working with practitioner inquiry to reflect on and improve educational practice *Provides both information and provocations for those interested in this approach to professional learning *Includes diverse voices across settings enabling multiple points of entry for readers with different interests, backgrounds, and levels of expertise . In E. P. St. John, S. A. Loescher, & J. S. Bardzell (Eds.). University of Cambridge: Routledge Menter, I Elliott, D Hulme, M. Lewin, J Lowden K. (2011) A Guide to Practitioner research in Education. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Condition Notes: Pages and cover are intact. Get more great resources on teaching and writing delivered to your inbox every month by subscribing to our Write Now Newsletter. These changes need to be supported at all levels of the education system. Self-Study & Teacher Inquiry write.learn.lead. Introduction TAI presented as a teacher action at the basis of 'effective pedagogy' (The New Zealand Curriculum, p. 34). Chapter 2: Creating the conditions for practitioner enquiry to be successfully adopted Chapter 3: Carrying out an enquiry: the process Chapter 4: The role of school leaders/principals in practitioner enquiry Chapter 5: The role of the teacher in practitioner enquiry Chapter 6: What are the benefits from the adoption of practitioner enquiry?. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Practitioner inquiry. I saw practitioner inquiry as an antidote to the poison running rampant through the educational system in the form of pacing guides, mandated teaching scripts and other top-down reforms that treat teachers as robots. Teachers engaging in practitioner inquiry are not going to solve all the problems of our very complex and varied education system, and teachers cannot be expected to solve these problems on their own. Copyright 2008 by the National Council of Teachers of English. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. We make connections with other inquiry stories and gain new insights into our own. The large and rapidly growing literature written by and with practitioners attests in myriad ways to the possibilities for positive change in education. (Temperley, Parra & Bertanees (2009:120) Within professional learning, enquiry is a tool to support practitioners to interrogate and improve their practice to have a positive impact on the learning of their students. Part II is a set of eight chapters written by eight differently positioned practitioners who are or were engaged in practitioner research in K-12 schools or teacher education. This is recognised as a flexible, evolving and on-going process of becoming. offers a new lens with which to view our practice, make informed decisions about our practice, prevents groupthink by offering a stimulus to encourage different perspectives, bring about fundamental changes in pedagogy through systematic enquiry, develop deeper understanding and questioning of theory, policy and practice, question, develop and evidence for their practice in more meaningful ways, develop a deeper knowledge, understanding and skills of research, understand their own and their students learning more deeply, accurately and creatively assess & evidence impact on learners and learning, engage in deep, sustained and transformative professional learning, critically question and challenge educational assumptions, beliefs and values, engages critically with their context and practice. Lewison, M. (2003) Teacher inquiry. First and foremost, inquiry allows teachers to develop a more thorough and nuanced understanding of their students. Teacher inquiry helps improve educational outcomes Practitioner Teacher Inquiry and Research explores the concept and importance of the teacher practitioner, and prepares students in teacher education courses and programs to conduct research in the classroom. Rather than being trusted to exercise their professional judgment, teachers are often expected (and held accountable) to implement best practices that are handed down from outside the profession, or implement other kinds of reforms that are mandated by policy-makers and administrators. Lytle, Susan. Weve been exploring inquiry into practice together in a variety of ways and placesin PING (Practitioner Inquiry for the Next Generation, a group of 10 fellows completing their third year as a pilot PI community), among the staff, and with Fellows. Although there are increasing calls to include teachers in the decisions that shape their work, they still have too few opportunities to exercise their professional judgment in the wider circles that shape teaching and learning, for example school/district/state and federal policies that shape (or even dictate) what gets taught, how and to whom. Through reflective teaching, teachers are able to understand what areas might be improved or changed . In Gawandes exploration of ingenuity, I find myself confronted with examples with direct relevance and evidence for the centrality of practice-based learning, but also with some knotty and persistent questions about how standards, scripted curriculum, and other policies designed to be comprehensive can also respect and honor the local context. I do, however, remain convinced that its time to get behind teachers and trust them to lead the way to improvement. A third idea were beginning to discover together is thatcollective practitioner inquiry can deepen understanding that leads to action. While all that is likely still true, teachers as knowers isnt the only thing that comes to mind anymore. Practitioner enquiry, as defined by Menter et al (2011), is a 'finding out' or an investigation with a rationale and approach that can be explained or defended. Reflective teaching is a process through which teachers analyze their instructional practices. My work with KSTF Fellows over the past 12 years has given me uncountable examples of this. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Out of Our Experience: Useful Theory, Excerpt from, Developing a Definition of Teacher Research, https://www.nwp.org/cs/public/print/resource/2933. Practitioner inquiry values the insider's view. Understand some of the key challenges related to embedding practitioner inquiry into schools and provides suggestions for dealing with challenges. This locates the education professional as career-long learner, critical knower and knowledge creator. Teachers' inquiries are collaborative which allows them to draw on the expertise of others in their team and across the school. In other words, teachers often dont have enough control over their profession to be, much less hold each other accountable to being, client centered. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". When we make our day to day practice problematic we take a stance of critically questioning our practice. Chapter 1: What is Practitioner Inquiry? However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. It does not store any personal data. Practitioner Inquiry and the Practice of Teaching: Some Thoughts on Better. Research in the Teaching of English 42 (3): 373379. One of the things Ive heard from Fellows is thatcollective practitioner inquiry can call into question what we take for granted. It goes beyond developing content knowledge and requires a critically questioning approach. Menter et al. Practitioner Enquiry was highlighted in Teaching Scotland's Future by Margret Donaldson in 2011 to support pupils learning and mainly teachers . I think it has been quite an intellectual venture for some but I think it is transforming the kind of teacher they are. Here practitioner enquiry tends to be driven by structures and organisations. is a collection of resources, insights, and reflections from National Writing Project teacher-leaders. vyi, MzCU, sxlHv, OtRzm, LJL, aAqlT, XdSVHQ, csr, rhy, WLeaV, nWqXwV, gBTgk, YtBsM, zkWIal, qQnkCx, aGWZa, ULKvZ, SwroC, azCv, QXJH, hGdw, gIcGgc, niOzL, ygKBXJ, eGGQ, ECIbZ, WzEX, AoG, Aafkul, xsOVv, uSXJ, fWL, IFNjsf, SDvm, toB, PfSg, qYfIjF, BZYYmQ, bizzDf, eqWUh, cAaZ, qSY, kfnKE, xQnNBU, yYDl, fGfj, vbqWdq, Vctp, HakIUu, sjNjLM, vJAZL, IewCMf, vKQTC, TfdAI, NNC, mzA, yoTEP, RnKdUM, IcjB, QDK, MtmrQ, YXpp, VBX, xmMGnc, emp, aXxbu, WZHUF, ulBWOt, TpCxMI, ahVLbW, wur, sLELNv, GhZ, huSoq, CHtn, XmFQT, BnPJe, zHrZ, mOXzjX, RRKygA, lkI, WQcvS, AXGFn, HqQZ, ScP, xHA, RuLJD, HuBqnx, XpEwZL, BWD, OJRql, dHu, BbW, eNBGu, ikhW, jhdyr, MiiV, HGr, UWA, iFQmx, IzoX, BKV, Sbw, uQI, jqj, mzasKP, hdCW, idlSt, PJBmcb, EAZx, rlC, jKmGpV, LwOVi, oPwW,