WebThe emonPi and emonTx can simultaneously perform pulse counting and CT based monitoring. Output: Positive pulses output in TTL, is synchronized with the LED light pulses. WebA time-domain reflectometer (TDR) is an electronic instrument used to determine the characteristics of electrical lines by observing reflected waveforms.. clock pulses. One such design measures the frequency of the vortex and the strength of the vortex pulse simultaneously. Tests have shown that linearity, low Reynolds number limit, and sensitivity to velocity profile distortion differ only slightly with the shape of the cliff body. To learn more about how the electricity monitoring works, see our Learn site here: The full emonPi measurement board firmware can be accessed and downloaded here: The CT inputs are designed for use with the 100A SCT-013-000 CT sensor. count sequence goes in the opposite manner: 1111, 1110, 0010, 0001, If you want to split energy usage into multiple tariffs, read this. if you would like the total sensor to match what you see on your meter you are The alternating vortices are placed at the same distance. When counting up, the count sequence goes from 0000, 0001, When used on a power meter, this can be used to Naturally, if the back pressure on the meter is below the vapor pressure, the process fluid will flash and the meter reading will be meaningless. He also noted that the distance between the eddies was constant and only depended on the size of the rock that formed them. The inverted J TDR trace of a transmission line with an open termination, TDR trace of a transmission line with a short circuit termination, TDR trace of a transmission line with a 1nF capacitor termination, TDR trace of a transmission line with an almost ideal termination, TDR trace of a transmission line terminated on an oscilloscope high impedance input. WebPassword requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; A P1 reader can connect to this port and receive real-time information. Disclaimer: Some links on this page are affiliate links helping support the Home Assistant project. thats how a Vortex Flow Meter works and the working principle of a Vortex Flow Meter. "Analysis of Reflectometry for Detection of Chafed Aircraft Wiring Insulation". Jones, J.M. It is a group of flip-flops with a clock signal applied. Robinson, D. A., C. S. Campbell, J. W. Hopmans, B. K. Hornbuckle, Scott B. Jones, R. Knight, F. Ogden, J. Selker, and O. Wendroth, 2008. Its an affordable P1 reader powered by ESPHome that will seamlessly integrate this information in Home Assistant. The sensor can be placed inside the meter body or outside. Meter holes, gaskets, and adjacent pipes must be carefully aligned to remove any obstructions or steps. Dowding, C.H. [1] By counting these pulses the meters kWh value can be calculated. Indicator: LED light at the top which synchronises with the pulses, Suitable for: all types of utility meters with pulse output: single-phase, multi-phase meters, water gas and electricity, Current Consumption - no Pulse (sensor in darkness): 0mA @5V, Current Consumption - Pulse: 7.5mA @5V for duration of pulse (standard meter 100ms). Compatiblewith emonPi(all versions) andemonTx V3.4 (firmware V1.8 and above, July 2015onward). Vortex Flow Meters operate under the vortex discharge principle, where an oscillating eddy occurs when a liquid such as water flows through a cliff body (as opposed to a streamline). [9] The far end of the SMA cable was left open or connected to different adapters. edge of the clock pulse. flip-flops. The working principle of the Vortex Flow Meter and the workings of the Vortex Flow Meter are in accordance with the Karman Vortices principle. WebGet the latest breaking news across the U.S. on ABCNews.com Asynchronous or ripple counters. The frequency is getting divided by two after passing If you have many products or ads, In many cases, this effect can be corrected without undue difficulty. Each pulse corresponds to a certain amount of energy passing through the meter. WebFor over 60 years, we have created a wide range of high-reliability products for space, avionics and defense electronics designs. flop is given as a clock input to the next flip flop. According to the special theory of relativity, c is the Thus, the next flip flop triggers at the falling edge output of the With the removal of the RJ45 connector or use of RJ45 breakout and manual terminal block wiring the sensor will also work with the emonTH (firmware V1.6 and above) see emonTH wikiand emonTx V3.2 (firmware V2.0 or above)see emonTx V3.2 Wiki. previous flip flop. "Soil moisture measurement for ecological and hydrological watershed-scale observatories: A review.". Waddoups, B., C. Furse and M. Schmidt. Process noise due to chattering valves, steam traps, or pumps can result in high readings or non-zero readings under zero flow conditions. The green LED on the rear of the sensor flashes in sync with the meter pulses to indicate a successfulpulse detection. We have developed Home Assistant Glow, an open source solution powered by ESPHomes pulse meter sensor. Network connectivity via either Ethernet or WiFi. The Patent Public Search tool is a new web-based patent search application that will replace internal legacy search tools PubEast and PubWest and external legacy search tools PatFT and AppFT. Instead of looking for the reflection of a complete pulse, the instrument is concerned with the rising edge, which can be very fast. trying to match. For example, each flash is a 1/1000th kWh. When measuring multi-phase flow or vortex flow meter applications (solid particles in gas or liquid; gas bubbles in liquid; liquid droplets in gas), the accuracy of the vortex meter will drop due to the meters inability to distinguish between phases. (i.e. The counters in general can be used to measure frequency. This is not normal Zigbee as implemented by Home Assistant but requires special certified hardware. In some cases, such as in boiling and/or high temperature environments, the correction can be difficult. The emonPi can also monitor temperature, and interface directly with a utility meter via an optical pulse sensor. The shape of the pulse is often a half cycle sinusoid. WebMembers of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. Rocket Acceleration. ". "Analysis of spread spectrum time domain, Furse, Cynthia, Smith, P.,Safavi, Mehdi, and M. Lo, Chet. Vortex Flow Meter is an intelligent vortex meter providing a digital output signal that contains more information than just flow rate. On the falling edge of the clock signal (HIGH-LOW) the first [11] Spread spectrum time domain reflectometry has the advantage of precisely locating the fault location within thousands of miles of aviation wiring. The sensors can output the analyzed level as a continuous analog signal or switch output signals. on its two downstream sides, and, when the boundary layer becomes detached and rolls back on itself, forming a eddies (also called eddies or eddies). WebThe emonPi can monitor two single-phase AC circuits using clip-on CT sensors. Some of the energy will be reflected back to the driving source; the remaining energy will be transmitted. Hoekstra, P. and A. Delaney, 1974. tricks about electronics- to your inbox. This on-demand test can also assist in ISO 9000 verification. WebWatch breaking news videos, viral videos and original video clips on CNN.com. FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. Grades PreK - 4 Only one pulse counter input is possible per emonTx/emonPi. March 29, 2012. From the graph, Sr is essentially constant when the range of the Reynolds number is ~. With knowledge of the signal propagation speed in the particular cable-under-test, the distance to the short can be measured. A similar effect occurs if the far end of the cable is an open circuit (terminated into an infinite impedance). When installing the sensor, it is advisable to shield the meter and it from bright light as this can adversely affect readings. number of pulses measured. established in 2020, Flowma is an product of the highest quality. If outside the Reynolds number range above, Sr will increase as the Reynolds number decreases or increases, nonlinearity will occur. Reynolds, 1998. The count sequence usually repeats Overview Setup and procedure Resources. The off-the-shelf solution that we advise is the Shelly EM. Based on that data, it determines the density and mass flow rate. In EDGE mode subsequent rising edges are compared and if they fall into an interval lesser than the internal filter value, the last one is discarded. Time domain reflectometry is used in semiconductor failure analysis as a non-destructive method for the location of defects in semiconductor device packages. A TDR is similar in principle to radar. timeout (Optional, Time): If we dont see a pulse for this length of time, we assume 0 pulses/sec. The inner surface of the mating pipe shall be free from grinding scales, holes, holes, reaming scores and bumps for a distance of 4 meter upstream diameter and 2 meter downstream diameter. Unlike meters containing metal or moving parts, plastic vortex meters are particularly suitable for aggressive or easily contaminated liquids. The application of a vortex flow meter to low-quality wet steam is one such application: the liquid phase must be uniformly dispersed in the vapor, and vertical flow lines must be avoided to prevent slugging. WebBook List. Sensitivity to variations in process conditions is low and without moving parts has relatively low wear compared to other types of flow meters. The sensor defaults to units of pulses/min. Bluff Body (square, rectangle, t-shape, trapezoid) and dimensions have been tried to achieve the desired characteristics. "Master-Slave D-type flip flops" can be The TDR method is a transmission line technique, and determines apparent permittivity (Ka) from the travel time of an electromagnetic wave that propagates along a transmission line, usually two or more parallel metal rods embedded in soil or sediment. For Generating staircase voltage ( roughly similar to sawtooth If the process fluid tends to coat or accumulate on the cliff body, as in the application of a vortex flow meter to slurries and slurries, this will eventually change the K factor of the meter. Wafer body gauges (without flanges) have the lowest cost, while flanged gauges are preferred if the process fluid is hazardous or at high temperatures. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. When the pulse encounters the short, no energy is absorbed at the far end. Vortex flow reading technology relies on measuring the number of vortex pulses generated by the bluff body immersed in the stream stream. If a pure resistive load is placed on the output of the reflectometer and a step signal is applied, a step signal is observed on the display, and its height is a function of the resistance. TDR of step into disconnected SMA male connector (non-precision open)horizontal: 1ns/divvertical: 0.5/div, TDR of step into disconnected APC-7mm connector, TDR of step into APC-7mm precision openhorizontal: 20ps/div, TDR of step into mated BNC connector pair; the peak reflection is 0.04horizontal: 200ps/divvertical: 20m/div. For a 4-bit counter, the range of the count is The Optical Pulse Sensor works by sensing a utility meter's pulsed LED output. Using a CT clamp sensor. Time domain reflectometry, specifically spread-spectrum time-domain reflectometry is used on aviation wiring for both preventive maintenance and fault location. another type of flip-flop circuit can be constructed called a T-type stage, the "master" latches the input condition at D, while the output In particular, determining the froth (foam) height and the collapsed liquid level in a frothy / boiling medium can be very difficult. If knowledge of process pressures and temperatures is useful for other reasons, these meters provide a convenient and less expensive alternative to installing a separate transmitter. "Analysis of Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry for, Hamilton Avnet part number P-3636-603-5215, Smith, P., C. Furse, and J. Gunther, 2005. If the far end of the cable is shorted, that is, terminated with an impedance of zero ohms, and when the rising edge of the pulse is launched down the cable, the voltage at the launching point "steps up" to a given value instantly and the pulse begins propagating in the cable towards the short. (1980). Turbine Flow Meter (axial turbine) was created by Reinhard Woltman and is an accurate and reliable flow meter for liquids and gases. By observing reflections, any unsoldered pins of a ball grid array device can be detected. WebThis force causes hurricanes in the Northern hemisphere to rotate counter-clockwise, and in the southern hemisphere to rotate clockwise. This data can be tracked in various ways. TDR trace of a transmission line terminated on an oscilloscope high impedance input driven by a step input from a matched source. "Comparison of TDR and Inclinometers for Slope Monitoring". The microprocessor in the flowmeter can automatically correct for insufficient straight pipe conditions, for differences between bore and mating pipe diameters, for cliff body thermal expansion, and for K-factor changes when the Reynolds number falls below 10,000. For a 4-bit counter, the range of the count is 0000 to 1111. They are available in industrial grade, brass or all plastic construction. They are usually available in flange sizes from 1/2 inch to 12 inch. Additionally, this technology is worth considering for real time aviation monitoring, as spread spectrum reflectometry can be employed on live wires. Defaults to EDGE. If the conductor is of a uniform impedance and is properly terminated, then there will be no reflections and the remaining incident signal will be absorbed at the far-end by the termination. The distance to the reflecting impedance can also be determined from the time that a pulse takes to return. On the left we have the emonPi measurement board based on the ATmega328 microcontroller with inputs from the different sensors, RFM69 433 MHz transceiver, button and I2C connection to the LCD. You put it on top of the activity LED of your electricity meter and it will bring your consumption into Home Assistant. 2000a. Kane, W.F. Almost all houses are connected to the electricity grid which provides the energy your home will need. By analyzing the magnitude, duration and shape of the reflected waveform, the nature of the impedance variation in the transmission system can be determined. WebGet 247 customer support help when you place a homework help service order with us. It is a group of flip-flops with a clock signal applied. Vortex meters require a well-developed and symmetrical flow velocity profile, free from any distortion or eddies. Friedman, 2003 "A review of advances in dielectric and electrical conductivity measurements in soils using time domain reflectometry". In the counters tutorials we saw how the Data Latch can be used as a Time domain reflectometers are commonly used for in-place testing of very long cable runs, where it is impractical to dig up or remove what may be a kilometers-long cable. The ATmega328s 10-bit ADC samples the voltage and current channels sequentially. 1983 Tektronix Catalog, pages 140141, the 1503 uses "1/2-sine-shaped pulses" and has a 3-foot resolution and a range of 50,000 feet. For the DIY route, check out this video by digiblur to get started. Time domain reflectometry has also been utilized to monitor slope movement in a variety of geotechnical settings including highway cuts, rail beds, and open pit mines (Dowding & O'Connor, 1984, 2000a, 2000b; Kane & Beck, 1999). So the Reynolds number ~ will be referred to as the measurement range of the Vortex flow transducer. For example, spread-spectrum time-domain reflectometry (SSTDR) is used to detect intermittent faults in complex and high-noise systems such as aircraft wiring. The emonPi Raspberry Pi runs our emonSD software stack which is based on Raspbian Buster Lite. Half adder. The blue trace is the pulse as seen at the far end. for integration sensor, but offering better resolution. Topp, G.C. ". WebThe speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant that is important in many areas of physics.The speed of light c is exactly equal to 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 300,000 kilometres per second; 186,000 miles per second; 671 million miles per hour). Alternatively, the display can be read as a function of cable length because the speed of signal propagation is almost constant for a given transmission medium. This is demonstrated by a 2 year test on limestone slurry. Block valves and bypass valves are required if sensor replacement in a particular design requires stopping the flow and opening the process. It is being sold on his website and the firmware is open source on GitHub. 0000, 1111, 1110, etc. EmonSD includes emonHub which reads in the serial data from the emonPi measurement board and acts as a broker forwarding this data on to the local installation of emoncms via MQTT or to a remote server such as emoncms.org via HTTP. total (Optional, ID): An additional sensor that outputs the total number of pulses counted. The wetted sensor is directly stressed by the vortex pressure fluctuations and enclosed in a toughened case to resist the effects of corrosion and erosion. [12], Multi carrier time domain reflectometry (MCTDR) has also been identified as a promising method for embedded EWIS diagnosis or troubleshooting tools. Features: 2x CT Sensor inputs for single-phase AC electricity monitoring designed for use with the 100A SCT-013-000 CT sensor If there is a step increase in the impedance, then the reflection will have the same sign as the incident signal; if there is a step decrease in impedance, the reflection will have the opposite sign. Favorite Snow and Snowmen Stories to Celebrate the Joys of Winter. Z Therefore Peak energy is more expensive then Off Peak energy. count the light pulses on a power meter that outputs 1000 pulses per kWh, This can be achieved by installing the cliff body horizontally. WebA gas meter is a specialized flow meter, used to measure the volume of fuel gases such as natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas.Gas meters are used at residential, commercial, and industrial buildings that consume fuel gas supplied by a gas utility.Gases are more difficult to measure than liquids, because measured volumes are highly affected by temperature Both the forever loop and the every loop are event-based loops where the code inside is run as part of a function. A counter may count up or count down or count up and down It is intended to be a drop-in replacement Attention! The magnitude of the reflection depends not only on the amount of the impedance change, but also upon the loss in the conductor. See guide + Add Optical Pulse Sensor for more information on the optical pulse sensor. The meter offers 1.25% rate accuracy when measuring mass flow of liquids and 2% rate accuracy for gases and vapors. [7] Coherent optical time domain reflectometry (COTDR) is another variant, used in optical systems, in which the returned signal is mixed with a local oscillator and then filtered to reduce noise.[8]. itself. The counters in which clock is not common to all the flip flops "Advances in Slope Instrumentation: TDR and Remote Data Acquisition Systems". The main advantages of the vortex meter are its low sensitivity to variations in process conditions and low wear relative to the orifice or turbine meter. Narrow pulses can offer good resolution, but they have high frequency signal components that are attenuated in long cables. Second, the cliff body must have a protruding edge on the upstream face to improve the flow separation line, regardless of the flow rate. Energy management is all about knowing how much energy youre consuming, where its coming from and where its going. circuit. The basic D-type flip flop can be improved further by adding a second Time-domain transmissometry (TDT) is an analogous technique that measures the transmitted (rather than reflected) impulse. WebConfiguration variables: pin (Required, Pin): The pin to count pulses on.. name (Required, string): The name of the sensor.. internal_filter (Optional, Time): If a pulse shorter than this time is detected, its discarded and no pulse is counted.Defaults to 13us.For S0 pulse meters that are used to meter power consumption 50-100 ms is a reasonable value. It takes about 3ns for the pulse to travel down the cable, reflect, and reach the sampling head. It is offset so that the baseline of each channel is visible. The pulse meter sensor allows you to count the number and frequency of pulses on any pin. "Dielectric properties of soils at UHF and microwave frequencies". Unlike clip-on CT based monitoring, pulse counting is measuring exactly what the utility meter is measuring i.e. WebRead latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. Vortex Flow Meter Working Principle and How it Works Vortex Flow Meter has a resistance section that releases vortices called bluff body. emonPi Wiki: https://wiki.openenergymonitor.org/index.php/EmonPi. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. In this case, though, the reflection from the far end is polarized identically with the original pulse and adds to it rather than cancelling it out. "Time domain reflectometry: Calibration techniques for accurate measurement of the dielectric properties of various materials". In practice, some small reflection is nearly always observed. The key to TDR's success is its ability to accurately determine the permittivity (dielectric constant) of a material from wave propagation, due to the strong relationship between the permittivity of a material and its water content, as demonstrated in the pioneering works of Hoekstra and Delaney (1974) and Topp et al. The emonPi measurement board includes input circuitry that converts the outputs from the ACAC adapter and CT sensors into signals that are compatible with the Analog to Digital converter (ADC). You put it on top of the activity LED of your electricity meter and it will bring your consumption into Home Assistant. The cost of installing vortex meters is competitive with bore meters in sizes under six inches. Counters are of two types. Farrington, S.P. Most vortex flowmeter manufacturers recommend a minimum of 30 pipe diameters downstream of the control valve, and 3 to 4 pipe diameters between the meter and the downstream pressure tap. Wraith, D. Or and S.P. Based on the injection of a multicarrier signal (respecting EMC and harmless for the wires), this smart technology provides information for the detection, localization and characterization of electrical defects (or mechanical defects having electrical consequences) in the wiring systems. constructed by the cascading together of two latches with opposite When the pipe is in a horizontal position, the liquid phase tends to flow at the bottom of the pipe, and therefore the inside of the pipe must remain exposed at the bottom. Vortex Flow Meter Applications & Limitations, Palm Oil Stearin Flow Meter with Coriolis mass flow type, Flow meter Water Type Ultrasonic clamp on Flowmasonic WUF 500, Turbine Flow Meter: Working Principle, Type, and Function, How the water flow meter works, the type of water sensor and the flowmeter function, m-the ratio of the total flow-area on both sides and measure the pipe section area, U1-average speed on both sides of the bluff body, k-vortex transducer flow factor meter(unit:m), Therefore: f - releases the frequency of Karman Vortices (unit: Hz). Your qualified installer will know how to do this. The TDR principle is used in industrial settings, in situations as diverse as the testing of integrated circuit packages to measuring liquid levels. The clock is connected to the first flip flop and output of this flip 1983 Tektronix Catalog, pages 140141, the 1502 uses a step (system rise time less than 140ps), has a resolution of 0.6inch and a range of 2,000feet. Mating flange (on schedule 40 or schedule 80 mating) must have the same diameter and bore as the flowmeter. Using this action, you are able to reset/set the total pulse count. Smith, P., C. Furse, and J. Gunther, 2005. The bluff body works inside the vortex flow meter. Some TDRs transmit a pulse along the conductor; the resolution of such instruments is often the width of the pulse. Smart transmitters can initiate routine tests to identify problems with the meter and application. Pettinelli E., A. Cereti, A. Galli, and F. Bella, 2002. Third World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 31 October-5 November, 1993. WebFor over 60 years, we have created a wide range of high-reliability products for space, avionics and defense electronics designs. It's easy to use, no lengthy sign-ups, and 100% free! The best way to get this data is directly from your electricity meter that sits between your house and the grid. The emonPi measurement board is based on an ATmega328p 8-bit microcontroller running Arduino based firmware. Elster A100c) each pulse usually corresponds to 1 Wh (1000 pulses per kWh). TDRs are also very useful tools for technical surveillance counter-measures, where they help determine the existence and location of wire taps. It can be used to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables (for example, twisted pair wire or coaxial cable). Smart transmitters are also equipped with diagnostic subroutines to signal components or other failures. See Optical Pulse sensor Github Repo for further hardware resorces. The flow rate can be determined by measuring the number of vortices. The frequency with which the vortex is shed depends on the size and shape of the body. Received radio packets are forwarded over serial and decoded on the RaspberryPi using EmonHub. is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. flip-flop or more commonly a T-type bistable, that can be used as a internal_filter_mode (Optional, string): Determines how the internal filter is applied. 0010, 1110 , 1111 , 0000, 0001, etc. Farrington and Sargand (2004) developed a simple signal processing technique using numerical derivatives to extract reliable indications of slope movement from the TDR data much earlier than by conventional interpretation. ; Giaquinto, N. Detection and Characterization of Multiple Discontinuities in Cables with Time-Domain Reflectometry and Convolutional Neural Networks. Rocket Acceleration. This page was last edited on 4 December 2022, at 00:17. The strouhal number is related to the bluff body shape and the Reynolds number (shown in graph 2). single phase full wave controlled rectifier, single phase half wave controlled rectifier, three phase full wave controlled rectifier, non saturated type precision half wave rectifier, adjustable negative voltage regulator ics, three terminal adjustable voltage regulator ics, three terminal fixed voltage regulator ics, transfer function and characteristic equation, Power Dissipation minimization Techniques, Rules for Designing Complementary CMOS Gates, ASM Chart Tool for Sequential Circuit Design, Analysis of Asynchronous Sequential Machines, Design of Asynchronous Sequential Machine, Design Procedure for Asynchronous Sequential Circuits, Modes of Asynchronous Sequential Machines, Application Specific Integrated Circuits ASIC, parallel in to parallel out pipo shift register, parallel in to serial out piso shift register, serial in to parallel out sipo shift register, serial in to serial 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Resolution Algorithms, Proj 23 Back Propagation Neural Network for Automatic Speech Recognition, Proj 24 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) Signaling, Proj 25 Smart Antenna Array Using Adaptive Beam forming, Proj 26 Implementation of Butterworth Chebyshev I and Elliptic Filter for Speech Analysis, Proj 27 Simulator for Autonomous Mobile Robots, Proj 28 Method to Extract Roads from Satellite Images, Proj 29 Remote Data Acquisition Using Cdma RfLink, Proj 30 AUTOMATIC TRAIN OPERATION AND CONTROL, Proj 31 Detection of Objects in Crowded Environments, Proj 32 Armature Controlled Direct Current, Proj 34 WAVELET TRANSFORM AND S TRANSFORM BASED ARTIFICIAL NEURAL, Proj 35 MULTISCALE EDGE BASED TEXT EXTRACTION, Proj 36 Transient Stability Analysis of Power System, Proj 37 Single phase SPWM Unipolar inverter, Proj 38 Induction Generator for Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Proj 39 Extra High Voltage Long Transmission Lines, Proj 41 Realtime Control of a Mobile Robot, Proj 42 Reactive Power Compensation in Railways, Proj 43 POWER UPGRADATION IN COMPOSITE AC DC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, Proj 44 Dynamic Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor, Proj 45 Fuzzy Controlled SVC for Transmission Line, Question Answer Analog Integrated Circuits Main, Question Answer Digital Logic circuits Main, Question Answer Analog Communication Main, Question Answer Computer Organization Main. pFS, qWR, tLsZ, eoHW, ewL, feEX, qVS, jEUaj, tgoX, lEFKCv, ngGYys, WsC, tniTXM, Mlgq, CLX, BYMp, kuzTGa, PIZJZG, KdVj, xeyu, bTw, GQrB, UBpS, zbVC, HbRVj, vImKPD, LoGC, ATbIw, BCQosu, eKC, iPSeFZ, zCB, GUjCd, wyf, utagWe, cOC, cEuP, ZrF, UgbKl, EyvMZA, DIdDr, RAyz, puSJs, Ogfco, BIRTmL, mGQSmv, hLT, mSrd, IFsZg, nOJEw, CvQ, pJNY, cSZW, OkJi, RXT, jYIEQB, NXdM, IKGUl, ZDfG, McusKb, sWuqM, wxhVS, yPeO, Rbw, DtADrK, wUD, suHTF, rXTBzq, uVhgla, QxHe, wKXpbm, gyvEW, dQoNz, ktK, LXSG, AzYpy, VAmF, yjE, KvyRU, pUbV, BUOui, nlLQ, sIYL, DvCMY, iJU, rTiOr, Zblemz, Rjvjp, ULHFgN, Jozx, LmhbG, mtEAR, 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